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7/14/2009 5:01:46 PM
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UCREFRP
UCREFRP Catalog Number
7954
Author
Modde, T., et al.
Title
An Augmentation Plan for Razorback Sucker in the Upper Colorado River Basin.
USFW Year
1995.
USFW - Doc Type
102-111.
Copyright Material
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AN AUGMENTATION PLAN FOR RAZORBACK SUCKER <br />ing, as these results indicate, the critical period is at <br />hatch or swim-up stages. It is noteworthy that the <br />thyroxine peaks occurred prior to the time larvae <br />would normally drift downstream away from the <br />sites where they were spawned. <br />A principle advantage of employing synthetic <br />chemical imprinting would be the potential to re- <br />duce risk to wild fish by decoying hatchery fish to <br />spawning areas that are remote from wild spawners. <br />Results of the imprinting experiments described <br />above can be used to determine the percentage of <br />fish (p) that can be expected to be attracted to a <br />synthetic chemical. Thus, 1 minus p is the stray rate <br />or the percentage of hatchery stocked fish that <br />could potentially be expected to spawn with wild <br />fish. These results could then be used to evaluate <br />genetic risk to wild stocks from stocking hatchery <br />fish. The genetic assessment model would first cal- <br />culate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for selected ra- <br />zorback sucker genotype frequencies observed in <br />the population. A simulation run could then be <br />made assuming that a certain number of hatchery <br />fish breed with the wild population. The number of <br />stocked fish that could potentially breed with the <br />wild population can be determined by knowing the <br />number of fish stocked, their allele frequencies, and <br />multiplying this value by the above calculated stray <br />rate (assuming that fish with different alleles stray in <br />proportion to their frequencies). Using simulation <br />modeling techniques, the number of hatchery fish <br />could be adjusted up or down so as not to effect <br />gene flow by more than a predetermined amount. <br />In this manner the maximum number of hatchery <br />fish to be stocked could be determined. <br />Conclusion <br />The goal of the augmentation plan presented is <br />persistence of the razorback sucker in the upper <br />Colorado River basin. The razorback suckers in <br />each major tributary in the basin are assumed to be <br />offspring of isolated spawning activity; this plan ad- <br />dresses the viability of populations in each major <br />tributary. Because loss of habitat is considered a <br />primary element in the decline of this species, aug- <br />mentation efforts should be coincident with en- <br />vironmental enhancement. A captive breeding <br />program will be necessary to preserve genetic vari- <br />ability of wild populations, especially those pop- <br />ulations for which reproductive success is un- <br />documented. If populations are not recruiting, <br />augmentation will be necessary to recover these <br />populations. When necessary, augmentation should <br />proceed according to a well-established plan using <br />109 <br />the offspring of pedigree broodstock to maximize <br />the effective population size of the reintroduction <br />effort. All reintroductions should be carefully mon- <br />itored to determine the causes of success and fail- <br />ure. Synthetic imprinting of stocked fishes will in- <br />crease management options following stocking and <br />provide insight into the factors affecting the decline <br />of the species. <br />References <br />Behnke, R. J., and D. E. Benson. 1980. Endangered and <br />threatened fishes of the upper Colorado River basin. <br />Extension Service Bulletin 503A. Colorado State <br />University, Fort Collins, Colorado. <br />Boyce, M. S. 1992. Population viability analysis. Annual <br />Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:481-506. <br />Boyce, M. S. 1993. Population viability analysis: adaptive <br />management for threatened and endangered species. <br />Transactions of the North American Wildlife and <br />Natural Resources Conferences 58:520-527. <br />Dizon, A. E., C. Lockyer, W. F. Perrin, D. P. DeMaster, <br />and J. Sisson. 1992. Rethinking the stock concept: a <br />phylogenetic approach. Conservation Biology 6:24- <br />36. <br />Dowling, T. E., and W. L. Minckley. 1993. Genetic diver- <br />sity of razorback sucker as determined by restriction <br />endonuclease analysis of mitochondria DNA. Final <br />Report (Contract 0-FC-40-0950-004) to the U.S. Bu- <br />reau of Reclamation. Arizona State University, <br />Tempe. <br />Franklin, I. R. 1980. Evolutionary change in small popu- <br />lations. Pages 135-149 in E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox, <br />editors. Conservation biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, <br />Massachusetts. <br />Holden, P. B., and C. B. Stalnaker. 1975. Distribution <br />and abundance of mainstream fishes of the middle <br />and upper Colorado River basins, 1967-1973. Trans- <br />actions of the American Fisheries Society 104:217- <br />231. <br />Kimura, M., and J. F. Crow. 1963. The measurement of <br />effective population number. Evolution 17:279-288. <br />Lande, R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological <br />conservation. Science 241:1455-1460. <br />Lanigan, S. H., and H. M. Tyus. 1989. Population size <br />and status of the razorback sucker in the Green River <br />basin, Utah and Colorado. North American Journal <br />of Fisheries Management 9:68-73. <br />Mace, G. M., and R. Lande. 1991. Assessing extinction <br />threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened <br />species categories. Conservation Biology 5:148-157. <br />Marsh, P. C., and J. E. Brooks. 1989. Predation by icta- <br />lurid catfishes as a deterrent to re-establishment of <br />hatchery reared razorback sucker. Southwestern Nat- <br />uralist 34:188-195. <br />Marsh, P. C. and D. R. Langhorst. 1988. Feeding and <br />fate of wild larval razorback suckers. Environmental <br />Biology of Fishes 21:59-67. <br />Marsh, P. C., and W. L. Minckley. 1989. Observations on <br />recruitment and ecology of razorback sucker: lower
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