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All of these things combined to create the climate for negotiation, with Arizona frightened, nervous and standing somewhat apart from the rest. Incidentally, the history of Arizona in this whole saga of the Colorado River, is worth the attention of about ten books. At one point, when Arizona was threatened by something California was doing, the Governor of Arizona mobilized the Arizona State Navy to go out on the Colorado River and stop California and the United States from constructing Boulder dam. Arizona has had a long history of contrary views, and changed positions, but tremendous success in two things: winning law suites and feeding from the federal trough. I may look at what they have done through the years and think it is crazy as hell, but you cannot be critical of the kinds of successes that they have had. The federal authorities were anxious as well for centralized development on the Colorado River. The Bureau of Reclamation had been established in 1902 and it was an agency much enamored with central planning, water management, and believed that state and local jurisdictional boundaries were archaic, produced poor economic results, and did not lead to sound management practices. They believed that what was needed was a federal impartial agency that would completely develop the waters of the river for economic uses. It is obvious this philosophy is out-dated because the focus was solely on the economic advancement of the population of the United States and the West. Mr. Delph Carpenter had a profound suspicion and distrust of centralized federal government. He had a legendary westerners' admiration for people who helped themselves. He was an avid proponent of states' rights and he saw, in the Bureau of Reclamation, evil, unaccountable, centralized planners, who did not give a damn what the citizens who lived here thought. Delph Carpenter, Herbert Hoover and the Arizona State Engineer, Norbiel were the leaders of the compact negotiations. The negotiations continued for eleven months in 1922 and eventually yielded a compact. Hoover was not the type of federal representative that shunted duties off to 37 deputies and second assistants. He personally took a great interest in these negotiations. He was an engineer and essentially, he believed in the same ideas as the Bureau of Reclamation. They believed that there were solutions mankind could develop to deal with the forces of nature, and if one accounted for the vagaries of nature, mankind could conquer nature and run the river to a state of bliss for all concerned. I suspect that some of the internal fighting that occurred in the negotiation of the compact discouraged him, however, I doubt that he was ever driven to despair. He was a force that helped drive the compact that was ultimately adopted. As a lawyer, I like that the Colorado River Compact is only about two pages long, typed. It does not contain many "whereas's." It is a very tight document. The guts of the Compact are contained in Article III. This is called the Apportionment Article. Within this article, the states were divided into the Upper Basin and the Lower Basin. Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming comprise the Upper Basin, and Nevada, Arizona and California are the Lower Basin. The Lower and the Upper Basin were apportioned to receive the exclusive, beneficial consumptive use of 7.5 million acre-feet of water per 4