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<br />22 DARREL E. SNYDER
<br />
<br />In our attempt to evaluate environmental impacts
<br />and aquatic management programs, we often turn
<br />to models, habitat-quality indices, and related tools.
<br />Unfortunately, these models or tools can be no bet-
<br />ter than the data on which they are based, and for
<br />most species of fish, reproductive and early life
<br />history data are often lacking, inadequate, or ques-
<br />tionable. For southeastern fishes and aquatic
<br />systems, there is much basic research that needs to
<br />be done to fill the immense void in our knowledge,
<br />including such basic tasks as determining what the
<br />larvae of many fishes look like. In the Southeast, we
<br />have only four limited manuals for larval fish iden-
<br />tification (Hogue et al. 1976; McGowan 1984; Con-
<br />row and Zale 1985), although some species are
<br />covered in taxonomic manuals for other parts of the
<br />country (Auer 1982; see lists in Snyder 1983 or
<br />Simon 1986 for others). The importance of accurate
<br />identification of specimens cannot be overempha-
<br />sized because critical resource management deci-
<br />sions are sometimes based on species-specific field
<br />data. Before we can effectively proceed with field
<br />studies on fish larvae in the Southeast, we must be
<br />able to accurately identify specimens.
<br />The early life stages of fishes must be an impor-
<br />tant concern in the development of management
<br />plans and impact assessment methods. Aquatic
<br />ecologists and fishery biologists are often too preoc-
<br />cupied with the needs of adult fishes to recognize
<br />the differing requirements of earlier life stages. It
<br />is simpler and less costly to concentrate on one life
<br />stage of a target species than on a whole series of
<br />ecologically distinct stages; however, fish popula-
<br />tions depend on adequate survival of their embryos,
<br />larvae, and early juveniles.
<br />
<br />Information Sources
<br />
<br />Auer, N. A. 1982. Identification of larval fishes of the
<br />Great Lakes Basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan
<br />drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor,
<br />Mich. Spee. PubI. 82-3. 744 pp.
<br />Balon, E. K. 1975. Reproductive guilds of fishes: a pro-
<br />posal and definition. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
<br />32:821-864.
<br />Balon, E. K. 1981. Additions and amendments to the
<br />classification of reproductive styles in fishes. Environ.
<br />BioI. Fishes 6:377-389.
<br />Balon, E. K. 1984. Patterns in the evolution of reproduc-
<br />tive styles in fishes. Pages 35-53 in G. W. Potts and
<br />R. J. Wootton, eds. Fish reproduction, strategies and
<br />tactics. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 410 pp.
<br />Balon, E. K. 1985. The theory of saltatory ontogeny and
<br />life history models revisited. Pages 13-30 in E. K.
<br />Balon, ed. Early life histories of fishes; new developmen-
<br />tal, ecological and evolutionary perspectives. W. Junk
<br />Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 280 pp.
<br />
<br />Balon, E. K., W. T. Momot, and H. A. Regier. 1977.
<br />Reproductive guilds of percids: results of the paleogeo-
<br />graphic history and ecological succession. J. Fish. Res.
<br />Board Can. 34:1910-1921.
<br />Bennett, D. H., and R. W. McFarlane. 1983. The fishes
<br />of the Savannah River Plant: National Environmental
<br />Park. U.S. Department of Energy, National Environ-
<br />mental Research Park, Savannah River Ecology Labor-
<br />atory, Aiken, S.C. 152 pp.
<br />Blaxter, J. H. S. 1969. Development: eggs and larvae.
<br />Pages 177-252 in W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall, eds.
<br />Fish physiology. Volume 3: reproduction and growth,
<br />bioluminescence, pigments and poisons. Academic
<br />Press, Inc., New York. 485 pp.
<br />Blaxter, J. H. S. 1986. Development of sense organs and
<br />behavior of teleost larvae with special reference to
<br />feeding and predator avoidance. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
<br />115:98-114.
<br />Braum, E.1978. Ecological aspects of the survival offish
<br />eggs, embryos and larvae. Pages 102-134 in S. D. Gerk-
<br />ing, ed. Ecology of freshwater fish production. John
<br />Wiley & Sons, New York. 520 pp.
<br />Clark, A. L., and W. D. Pearson. 1979. Early piscivory in
<br />larvae of the freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens.
<br />Pages 31-59 in R. Wallus and C. W. Voigtlander, eds.
<br />Proceedings of a workshop on freshwater larval fishes.
<br />Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tenn. 241 pp.
<br />[There are some size-related and species identification
<br />errors in this paper, including the smallest specimen
<br />drawn and photographed: the specimen shown in Figs.
<br />3 and 7, labeled a 3.4-mm freshwater drum, was actually
<br />a percid, probably Stizostedion, at least 8 mm.]
<br />Conrow, R., and A. V. Zale. 1985. Early life history stages
<br />of fishes of Orange Lake, Florida: an illustrated iden-
<br />tification manual. Fla. Coop. Fish WildI. Res. Unit Tech.
<br />Rep. 15, University of Florida, Gainesville. 45 pp.
<br />Faber, D. J. 1985. Water babies: larval fishes of Ottawa
<br />and vicinity. National Museum of Natural Sciences,
<br />Ottawa, Ontario. 25 pp.
<br />Floyd, K. B., R. D. Hoyt, and S. Timbrook. 1984. Chronol-
<br />ogy of appearance and habitat partitioning by stream
<br />larval fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113:217-223.
<br />Hardy, J. D., Jr., G. E. Drewry, R. A. Fritzsche, G. D.
<br />Johnson, P. W. Jones, and F. D. Martin. 1978. Develop-
<br />ment of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight, an atlas of egg,
<br />larval and juvenile stages. U.S. Fish. WildI. Serv.,
<br />FWS/OBS-78/12. 6 volumes.
<br />Hoar, W. S., and D. J. Randall, editors. 1988. Fish physiol-
<br />ogy. Volume 11: the physiology of developing fish.
<br />Academic Press, Inc., New York. Part A, 546 pp.;
<br />Part B, 436 pp.
<br />Hogue, J. J., Jr., R. Wallus, and L. K. Kay. 1976. Pre-
<br />liminary guide to the identification of larval fishes in the
<br />Tennessee River. Tennessee Valley Authority, Technical
<br />Note B19, Knoxville, Tenn. 66 pp.
<br />Holland, L. E., and M. L. Huston. 1983. A compilation
<br />of available literature on the larvae of fishes common
<br />to the upper Mississippi River. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
<br />Service, National Fishery Research Laboratory,
<br />La Cross, Wis. 364 pp.
<br />Kindschi, G. A., R. D. Hoyt, and G. J. Overmann. 1979.
<br />Some aspects of the ecology of larval fishes in Rough
<br />River Lake, Kentucky. Pages 139-166 in R. D. Hoyt,
<br />ed. Proceedings of the third symposium on larval fish.
<br />Western Kentucky University, Department of Biology,
<br />Bowling Green. 236 pp.
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