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<br />102
<br />
<br />A. 1. DOUGLAS AND R. L. JOHNSON
<br />
<br />CONCLUSION
<br />
<br />The discussion in the preceding section illustrates various points: First, restoring or
<br />enhancing instream flows may be greater than the social opportunity costs even
<br />when large social costs are incurred. Second, the magnitude of nonmarket benefits
<br />estimates should be discussed relative to the costs incurred whenever possible.
<br />Third, more instream flow studies that incorporate existence benefits estimates are
<br />needed before one can make a sweeping judgement about the policy implications of
<br />off-site instream flow benefits.
<br />Estimates of instream flow off-site benefits have added a sharp, new perspective
<br />on water related nonmarket amenities. In particular, these estimates demonstrate a
<br />notable interest in preserving flow levels of rivers and streams on the part of house-
<br />holds that reside long distances away from the streams in question. As more off-site
<br />benefits studies of instrea~ flows are published, resource managers may begin to
<br />recognize that river waters typically have a significant social value on a regional,
<br />national, or international scale. If economists focus adequate attention on net as well
<br />as gross benefits, the policy impact of instream flow nonmarket benefits research
<br />should eventually match its intellectual depth.
<br />
<br />References
<br />
<br />1. 1. B. Loomis, "The economic value of instream flow: A review of methodology and benefit estimates"
<br />1. Environ. Manage. 24(2), 169-179 (1987).
<br />2. A. J. Douglas, Annotated Bibliography of Economic Literature on lnstream Flows. BioI. Rep. 88(39).
<br />(US Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC. 1988).
<br />3. M. G. Cavendish and M. I. Duncan, "Use of the instream flow incremental methodology: A tool for
<br />negotiation" Environ. Impact Assessment Rev. 6(4).347-363 (1986).
<br />4. R. C. Bishop. K. 1. Boyle. M. P. Welsh, R. M. Baumgartner and P. R. Rathbun. Glen Canyon Dam
<br />Releases and Downstream Recreation: An Analysis of User Preferences and Economic Values. Glen
<br />Canyon Environmental Study Report #27/87. (US Bureau of Reclamation. Washington.
<br />DC, 1987). [Available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road. Springfield. Va. 22161, as NTIS Report #PB
<br />8~183546/ASJ.
<br />5. E. 1. Just. D. L. Hueth and A. Schmitz, Applied Welfare Economics and Public Policy (Prentice-Hall,
<br />Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1982).
<br />6. R. A. Young and R. A. Haveman. "Economics of water resources: A survey." In:
<br />(A. V. Kneese and 1. L. Sweeney. eds.) The Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics
<br />(Vol. 2) (North-Holland. New York. 1985) pp. 465-521.
<br />7. 1. B. Loomis, W. M. Hanemann and T. C. Wegge. Environmental Benefits Study of San Joaquin Valley s
<br />Fish and Wildlife Resources (Jones and Stokes Associates, Sacramento. California. 1990).
<br />8. A. S. Goodman, Principles of Water Resources Planning (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New
<br />Jersey, 1984).
<br />9. H. R. Maddux, D. M. Kubly, 1. C. DeVos, Jr., W. R. Persons, R. Staedicke and R. L. Wright, Effects of
<br />Varied Flow Regimes on Aquatic Resources of Glen and Grand Canyons (Final report to the GCES.
<br />Arizona Game and Fish Dept.. Phoenix. 1987).
<br />10. M. Clawson and 1. L. Knetsch, Economics of Outdoor Recreation (Johns Hopkins University Press,
<br />Baltimore. Maryland. 1986).
<br />11. M. T. Richards and D. B. Wood, "The economic value of sportfishing at Lee's Ferry, Arizona."ln;
<br />(R. R. Johnson. C. D. Ziebell, D. R. Patton. P. F. Ffolliott and R. H. Hamre, eds.) Riparian Ecosystems
<br />and Their Management. Reconciling Conflicting Uses. General Technical Report RM-120. (USDA
<br />Forest Service, Washington, DC, 1985) pp. 219-222.
<br />12. J. T. Daubert and R. A. Young, "Recreational demands for maintaining instream /lows: A contingent
<br />valuation approach" Am. 1. Agric. Econ. 63(4),666-676 (1981).
<br />13. R. G. Cummings, D. S. Brookshire and W. D. Schulze, Valuing Environmental Goods: An Assessment
<br />of the Contingent Valuation Method (Rowman and Allanheld Publishers, Totowa. New Jersey. 1986).
<br />14. W. E. Martin. F. H. Bollman and R. L. Gum, "Economic value of the Lake Mead fishery" Fisheries
<br />7(6),20-24 (1982).
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