<br />, ,
<br />'.
<br />
<br />I
<br />I
<br />j:
<br />I
<br />
<br />\,
<br />!
<br />I;
<br />II
<br />1
<br />l
<br />
<br />f
<br />It
<br />
<br />II
<br />
<br />Uel'orClIil, Bl'ix, and Adams
<br />
<br />Lemly, A., D. .and SI~ith, G. J. 1987. Aquatic cycling of selenium: implications for fish
<br />and ~lldhfe. U.S. Dept. of the IlIleriQr, Fish and Wildlife Service, Lcallet 12.
<br />Waslungton, D.C. 10 pp. '
<br />
<br />Lilleb~, 1-1, P, Shan~r, S., Carlson, .0., Richard, N., and DuBowy, P. 1988. Regulation of
<br />agricultural dramage to the San Joaquin Rivcr. Slate Water Resources COlllrol
<br />Board, SWRCB Order No. W.Q. 85-1.
<br />
<br />Og~e, R. S. ~nd ~ight, A. W. 1989, E,/Tects of elevated foodborne selenium on growth
<br />and repl(Jducuon of the fathead IlIl1lnuw (Pimc"'lUlesp/'OlI/eltu). A,.cI, ElIvil1J11'" I
<br />Toxicol, 18, 795-803. r '. ,.011 (,m,
<br />
<br />Porcella, 0: ~., ~owie,G. L., Sanders,J. G., and CUller, G. A. 1991. Assessing Se cyelio
<br />and toxiCity m aquatic ecos)'tems. Waler Air Soil Pollut, 57-58, 3-11. g
<br />Roseofield, I. and Bealh, O. A, 1946. Pat..hology ofseleniulll poisoning Wyo A ' E' P
<br />Sill" Bull. 275, 1-27.' . ,gnc. x.
<br />
<br />Rosenfiel,d, I. and Death, O. A. 1 !l64. Selenium: (;eobotallY, Biochemistry. Toxicity, alld
<br />NulnllOlI. New York, Academic Press,
<br />
<br />Sandhoh~I, M" <?ksanen. H. E" and Pesonen, L. 1973. Uptake of seleniul11 by aquatic
<br />01 galllSl11s. 1.11111101, Oceall,18(3) .4!l6-4!I~,
<br />;;:~i~IU!~,R.and.ll~rm.a,~uU;'R:'.19!ll:;~T~AI;~I~"~?(tOXJc c';lnc~rtratJons of selenilllllJro'/ Or
<br />".ljj"p~r~ntto pi ogeny lII.lhe f~lhead U1muow (PlIlIcPIIUIes promeltu) :/Jull, EIIViroll.iC; &?::''PI ~
<br />1 ?X'(.(J1.:45"56~573.Tr~>! .011 1/1, I .
<br />
<br />Sko;~p~i/J.I'~;:'~~~llIallJs:'P.: and Scfchick-Edwards,J. S, 19!16. Guidelines for hller-
<br />~~'ell~lg sele~nu,U1 e~po~ure of ~iota associated with nonmarine aquatic habilats, U,S,
<br />(o~sh and Wlldhfe Service Nallonallrrigation Water Quality l'rogral11, Sacranu:nto
<br />Field Office, March 1996, 74 pp.
<br />SPSS (Statistical Product and Sen'ice Solutions). 1998. SPSS for Windows Rei 900
<br />1998. Chicago, SPSS, Inc. ' .."
<br />
<br />Stephan, C, E" ~~llllt.' D, I:, l-Ian~e~I, 0..1-, Gentile,J. H., Chapman, G. A., and Unlllgs,
<br />W. A. 1?1:I5. GUldeh,nes lor <,lenvlllg nnmerica\ national water quality criteria I()r the
<br />prolecllon of aqua lie orgalllSllls and their nses. USEI'A Washington l) C NTIS N
<br />Pll1:l5-22704!J. 98 pp. " . . o.
<br />
<br />USEPA (U,~, Environmentall'rulection Agency). 1987. Ambient water c\uality crit, .',
<br />for selcllIum - 1987. USEPA, Ollice (If Research and Development Washing::;
<br />D,C. I'B88-142-237. 121 pp. "
<br />
<br />US~~ (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1990. Agricultural irrigation drainwater stud-
<br />Ies m support of the S~n Jo~quin Valley Drainage Program. Final Report. U.S.
<br />DepartJllent of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries Contami-
<br />nant Research Center, Columbia, Missouri. 309 pp.
<br />Van D,~,:,,~er, W. D. and Ca~llon,.S, ~. 1997. Selenium sediment toxicity thresholds and
<br />d~ll~allon of water qnahty cntena for freshwater biota of western streams. f."IIvirvll
<br />10xICol. Che"" 16(6), 1260-1268.' .
<br />
<br />Woock, S. E" Garret~. W. ~., Panin, W. E., and Bryson, W. T. 1987. Decreased survival
<br />and teratogenesIs dnrmg laboratory selenium exposures to bluegl'll 1 'P .
<br />III ch' n II. E ' . , .11 OIlIlS
<br />aCTO mlS, u IIVllvn, Colltalll, Toxicol. 39, 998-1005.
<br />
<br />Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Vol, 5, No, 6, pp. 1229-1253 (l999)
<br />
<br />Egg Selenium Concentrations as Predictors of
<br />Avian Toxicity
<br />
<br />A. Fairbrother,l. K. V. Brix,! J. E. Toll,!, S. McKay,! W. J. Adamss
<br />lecological planning and toxicology, inc., 5010 SW Hout St" Corvallis, OR
<br />97333-9540; 2Paramell'ix, Inc., 5808 Lake Washington Blvd., N,E., Kirkland,
<br />WA 98033-7350; sKennecoll Utah Copper, PO Box 6001, Magna, UT
<br />84044-(jOOI
<br />
<br />ABSTRACT
<br />
<br />ACJuatic birds are exposed to selenium through their diet by ingesting
<br />aquatic invertebrates that have accumulated selenium from water and the food
<br />chain. However, dietary composition is highly variable among species, over
<br />time, and across sites, making it dillicult to provide accurate estimations of
<br />dietary exposure for particular species at specific locations, Selenium accumu-
<br />lates iu the egg, resulting in emhryo malformation, embryonic death, and
<br />decreased survival of juveniles. If the relationship between egg concentration
<br />and these reproductive parameters can be defined with sullicient certainty,
<br />then risk assessments can be performed through analysis of egg selenium
<br />concentrations. Other researchers have proposed egg toxicity thresholds that
<br />lead to conclusions of widespread selenium toxicoses in waterbirds. However,
<br />we believe these values are overly conservative and that it is unlikely that
<br />selenium is posing a signilicant risk to wild birds in areas where the current
<br />water quality criterion is being met. Through the use of simple statistical
<br />models (logit, probit, and Weibull functions) we are able to express mortality
<br />and teratogenicity relationships for mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in such a
<br />manner that the risk manager can be presented with information about the
<br />probability of reduced duckling survival if mean egg selenium (MES) concen-
<br />trations arc known. Data analysis indicates that the two endpoints (mortality
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />Corresponding author: Dr, Anne Fairbrother. ecological planning and
<br />toxicology, inc., 51110 SW 1I0ut St., Corvallis, OR 97333-9540; Tel: (541) 752-
<br />3707; Fax: (54 I) 753-9010; E.mail: FairbroA@aol.com
<br />
<br />1080-7039/99/$,50
<br />@ 19!1\I hy ASI'
<br />
|