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<br />LITERATURE CITED
<br />
<br />BADENHUlZA". T. R. 1967 TemperalUres selected b~' Tilapla mossamblca (Peters) in ate" ..,
<br />witb a hori1.Ontaltemperature !(radient. Hydrobiolo!(ia 30:541-554. '
<br />BARTHOLOMEW. G. A. 19ii. Body temperature and ener!(y metabolism. In Animal phVSII,I,w
<br />Principles and adaptations. 3rd edition (M.S. Gordon. ed.). MacMillan Publ. Co.. ~,".,
<br />York.
<br />BEHN""'. R. J. A"D D. E. BENSO". 1980. Endan!(ered and threatened lishes of the Upper l....
<br />rado River basin. Coop. Ext. Ser\".. Colorado State C.. Fort Collins. Coloradu. lIu.
<br />503A.
<br />BRETT, J. R. 1971. Energetic responses of salmon 10 temperature. A study of some thermal,...
<br />tions in tbe pbysiologv and fresbwater ecology of tbe sockeye salmon (Oncorh\'nc,,^, n,-
<br />ka). Am.Zool.ll:99.113.
<br />BUL"LE\'. R.\'.. C. R. BERRY. R. PIMENTEL, AND T. BLACK. 1981 Tolerances and prderen", <-
<br />Colorado River endan!(ered lishes to selened habitat parameters. Utah Coop. Fish. \(,
<br />Unit.. Utah State E, Lo!(an, Utah.
<br />EHRLICH. K.F.. .J.!\J. HOOD. G. Muszynski AND G. E. McGowE". 1979. Thermal beh""",
<br />responses of selected California liuoral lishes. Fish Bull. National Oceanic and Atn,..
<br />pheric Administration 76:837 -850.
<br />FRY. R. E..J. 1947. Effects of the environment on animal activity. Univ. ToronLO Slud. hi
<br />Ser. 55. Publ. Ont. Fish. Res. Lab 68:1-62.
<br />GtATTI"A. J. E. AND R. R. GARTO". 1982. Graphical model of thermoregulator~' bell,,,,,,, ,
<br />fishes with a new measure of euro.thermality. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 39:524-528
<br />HALL. L. \1' .JR.. C. H. HOCUTT AND .J. R. STAUFFER .JR. 1979. Temperature prderm(( 01 i~
<br />whilt' prrch. l\lOTone amrricana, (oUeered in lhe \\'icomico River, l\1aryland, ~_"'I\l.I:
<br />2:129-1:11 .
<br />HESTHAGE", I. H. 1979. Temperature selenion and avoidance in the sand goby. Poma/().\(i".
<br />minutlls (Pallas), collected at different seasons. Env. BioI. Fish. 4:369-377.
<br />HOLDE". R. P. 1978. A study o[ Ihe habitat and movement o[ Ihe rare !ishes. in the \,'"
<br />Ri,'er. Utah. Trans. Bonneville Chapt. Am. Fish. Soc. 1:64-89.
<br />.JOBLlNG. M. 1981. Temperature LOlerance and the final preferendum-rapid method, I,,, ,
<br />assessment of oplimum growth temperatures. .J. Fish BioI. 19:439-455.
<br />McADA, C. \\. A"D R. S. WYDOSK!. ]980. The ra~rback sucker. Xyrauchen texanu.\. ,n ..
<br />upper Colorado River basin. 1974-76. L'.S. Fisb and Wildlife Sen'ice, Tech. Pal"" ,
<br />99. WashingLOn. D.C.
<br />REYl"OLDS, \\'. \V. 1977. Temperature as a proximate ianor in orientation beha\,iOI .1 h
<br />Res. Board Can. 34:734-739.
<br />A"D 111. E. CASTERU". 1976. Thermal preferenda and behavioral thermoregulall""
<br />three centrarchid fishes. In Tbermal Ecologv II: Pror. 2nd Thermal Ecologv SvmJ""""
<br />Augusta. Georgia, May 1975 (G. W. Esch and R. W. Mcfarlane, eds.). Nat. Tecll It,'
<br />Sen., ERDA Symp. Servo Conf.-750425.
<br />1979. Behavioral thermoregulation and the "final preferendum" paradigm. Am /"
<br />19:221'224.
<br />RICHARDS. F. P. AND R. M. IBAR". 1978. The preferred temperatures of Ihe brown buill".
<br />]ctaluTus nebulosus, with reference to ils orientation [0 the discharge canal of a nlli It.
<br />power plant. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107-288-294.
<br />_ W. W. REYNOLDS AND R. W. MCCAULEY. 1977. Temperature preference slUdies tIl elll
<br />on mental impact assessments: An overview with procedural recommendations. 1- .1'
<br />Res. Board Can. 34:728-76l.
<br />STEEL, R. G. D. AND J. H. TORRIE. 1960. Principles and procedures o{ statistics. MrGraw.ti
<br />Book Co., Inc.. New York.
<br />
<br />Address o[ aulbors: TMB, Nat. Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Senna, Box 700. K'"
<br />neyville, WV 25430. RVB, Utah Coop. Fishery Res. Unit, Utah State Univ.-UMC 52. Logar:. r .
<br />84322.
<br />
<br />rtl[SOUTHWESTEKN l'~AIUKALt~l "V\Ii.IVI-IV.
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<br />
<br />SPERM WHALES (PHYSETER CATODON) IN
<br />THE GULF OF MEXICO
<br />
<br />LAURA A. COLLUM AND THOMAS H. FRITTS
<br />
<br />lUfT1L'CT.- The distribution of the sperm whale. Physeter calodon, was documented in the Gulf
<br />~ Mtxico during 1979 to 1981 using regular aerial surveys and opportunistic sightings from
<br />.... Most sightings were in the western Gulf of Mexico in deep waters near Ihe edge of the
<br />....Iinenta) shelf. A total of 47 adults and 12 young animals was sighted in groups containing
<br />_one to 14 animals.
<br />
<br />Aerial surveys of the Gulf of Mexico off the coasts of Florida, Louisiana,
<br />,nd Texas, from August 1979 through March 1981, resulted in the observa-
<br />0011 of 35 sperm whales (Physeter catodon). An additional 24 individuals
<br />Wfft' seen from shipboard cruises off Texas, Mexico, -and Louisiana. Town-
<br />!tfId (1935) plotted numerous locations where sperm whales were taken by
<br />,..hakrs in the Gulf of Mexico in the 18th and 19th centuries. Yet sightings
<br />.rrc rare in the Gulf during the latter half of this century. Lowery (1974)
<br />jnd Schmidly (1981) reponed six sightings within the last 30 years; four off
<br />the Mississippi Delta and two in the Florida Straits. There were no recent
<br />lII!tIHings from the western Gulf. Strandings have only been slightly more
<br />numerous, occurring along the coasts of Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.
<br />B.1~rd on the paucity of data on the sperm whale in the Gulf of Mexico, the
<br />u!:htings are reponed here to amplify understanding of the distribution and
<br />!LaIUS of the species in the area.
<br />
<br />MATERIALS AND METHODs.-During August and November 1979. aerial surveys were conducted
<br />0/; Corpus Christi. Texas (FrillS and Revnolds, 1981). During .June 1980 througb March 1981.
<br />",..1 surveys were completed off Brownsville. Texas: Marsh Island. Louisiana: and Naples. Flor-
<br />0&1. on an approximate bimonthly scbedule. Transects for each bimonthly sample in each area
<br />"-,I..d 2.664 km excluding transit and ume spent off lines. and eXlended up to 222 km from
<br />*"'. One cross-Gulf transect was flown horn Naples. Florida, to Brownsville. Texas. on 18
<br />.~Sl 1980. Tbe purpose of tbe flights was to study distribution and abundance of marine
<br />......mals. birds. and tunles. Technical personnel on all flights were trained in the idel1lification
<br />Md ...timation of numbers of marine venebrates. Surveys flown during 1979 were conducted in a
<br />...........t Cessna 337 Skymaster. Later surveys were flown in a twin-engine Beecheralt AT-II with
<br />'11a..-nose observation dome. Both planes were equipped with a Barnes PRT-55 infrared radi-
<br />_r lor measuring sea surface temperatures and a TDL-711 Loran C navigation system capable
<br />.. 1O"0\'ldmg inslantaneous lalilllde-Iongilllde positions. Sightings were documented with 35-mm
<br />Qlbrras. Survey altitudes alternated between 91 and 229 m. Information on incidental sightings
<br />....g.thered from logbook entries by tbe erew of Ihe research vessel Gyre, owned by Texas A &: M
<br />t........ity. Although incidental sightings cannot be confirmed, Ihey are included because of close
<br />-..roance with our aerial sightings during the same period. Additional information was
<br />~ned horn observations docurnented by photographs made (rom a 9.8 m spordisbing boat neal
<br />""ss,sslppi River Delta.
<br />
<br />F RESULTS A~D .DISCUSSION.-Sperm whales were observed on 17 occasions.
<br />on~-seven mdlvlduals presumed to be adults or subadults and 12 calves
<br />'-ne seen (Table I). Sightings included from I to 14 animals. Most (71%) of
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