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<br />Burkardt, Lamb, Taylor, and Waddle
<br />
<br />et aZ., 1987; Clark et al., 1991). This implies a sub-
<br />stantial time commitment, since all parties are
<br />required to participate in defining issues, evaluating
<br />methodologies, and determining the implications of
<br />various scenarios. The drawbacks to this process of
<br />pre-negotiation planning are clear. The time require-
<br />ment is problematic, especially when this part of the
<br />negotiation process is often viewed as non-productive.
<br />Related to this is that the consultation process entails
<br />rigid time frames, often making it difficult for parties
<br />to find the time to accommodate fact-finding, which
<br />can become a negotiation in itself. The alternative,
<br />however, is that technical issues will be introduced
<br />throughout the course of the negotiation, agreement
<br />will be difficult to reach, and the consultations may
<br />drag on for several years.
<br />Our study seems to verify that successful negotia-
<br />tions are associated with clarity of technical issues.
<br />Those involved in natural resource negotiations
<br />should consider the importance of dedicating time and
<br />resources to clarifying not only the scope of technical
<br />issues but also appropriate studies and plans of
<br />action. Taking this difficult but necessary first step
<br />may lead to more successful outcomes.
<br />
<br />ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
<br />
<br />The authors acknowledge the contributions of fellow study team
<br />members Carl Armour, Beth Coughlan, and David Fulton. They are
<br />also appreciative to the individuals who gave generously of their
<br />time by allowing us to interview them about their licensing experi-
<br />ences.
<br />
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