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<br />\
<br />
<br />
<br />Cbekbova. V.A. 1976. Di 1 d
<br />D.-i. in-ta ryb kh urnia ynamics of ocean perch t 1
<br />n. -va okeanogr., No. 37 raw catches. Tr. Polyar.
<br />E.ae. A.M. 1967. Biologicheskiye chasy ( .
<br />Hauke Press. . Biological clocks). N
<br />ovosibirsk,
<br />Yarzhombek, A.A. and L.B. Klyashtorin 1973
<br />energy expenditure of fish On swi~i g 'R ~ormula for the calculation of
<br />Baerends. C.P. 1957. The etholo ical n. . y n. kh:vo-, No.5.
<br />Physiology of Fishes. .Ed M ~ B analysis of fish behavior. In: The
<br />Barker. J.E. 1958. Diurnal ;hY~h~s ~own, iAcademic Press, New York.
<br />Pbilos. Soc., vol. 38, No. 1. n an mal kingdom. BioI. Revs. Cambridge
<br />
<br />Submitted April 16, 1979
<br />
<br />II.
<br />
<br />The Behavioraf Eco'ogically Different Fish
<br />in Ele9tric Fi~ids
<br />
<br />Threshold of Anode Reaction and Tetanu~
<br />
<br />L.A. Balaye",
<br />.All-Union R h
<br />'esearc Institute fo.r Sea F' h i
<br />O. . ... 1S er es and
<br />ceanography (VNIOR) Mosc~w
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />l'
<br />
<br />:rhe behayiorof 18 Black Sea an
<br />in electric'field of rectif' d' d 4 Baltic species of fish
<br />1e current w .
<br />species can be div..ided i t 3 as 1nvestigated. The
<br />, . . n 0 groups on i h
<br />reaction is present and one in which'i e n.w ich the. anode
<br />..diate group., in.. which 0 1 .. t is not and an inter-
<br />. . n y, some 1nd1vid al .. f ..'
<br />an anode reaction. The.pr f u . S 0 a spec1es have
<br />. esence 0 an anode i' .,
<br />8ctenstic of active and a il ...react on 1S char-
<br />. .. . .'. . g e speC1es Fish whi. h ..,
<br />"ery active,respond to, the action of th. ..:.. c are not
<br />Among the species' of the iu'termediate ~ cuu.ent by hiding.,
<br />.migrating ,and . stationary fo Th' g oup there are active,
<br />~behavio:r:'~oirrespective r:' the 1S explains their ambigu- ,..
<br />anode reaction. a'll. the's . .i' .. . f presence or absenc..e....o.f. an
<br />pec es 0 fi h d' i. .
<br />;from the. cathode and prefer the ads 1st. nguish the ~node
<br />flow.._, .',..."s;';.'; no ,e, 1.e.., the descending
<br />
<br />
<br />S~k. ".~ i,,:c h
<br />in f1 b y (1924) and all .subsequent investigators '
<br />s behavior in electric fields A di noted specific difference~
<br />1IIanifested iDall fish. Someofth;m eith:=inct anode reaction was',moreover, not
<br />one. Sp~ker (1957) found that. there w had. no .such reaction.or an indistinct
<br />lating Sliisdng oovements.were absent' 's~~h no a~ode ~eaction .in fish in .which undu-
<br />campu8hen ~. Lagocephal.us "taev'.'.n atUs e....tc 'He alsas hynogd.ossus sp., Hippooampus. ..hippo-
<br />w perf rm1 . .. .-.:1.,.. ..... 0 s owe that C'th ... h ., .
<br />o ng swimming 1lIOvements on a t1' 1..,.. an1.O thys sp may
<br />10cat~abcnre.Bowever.Jl;te. Schemi;nsk s ve; cal plane, swim only to thea~ode '
<br />and a number ,of other authors:wereuna~l (t' ,sc~eminskyand Fr. Scheminsky, 1931)
<br />anode even iIJ Cot,tus sp,-, .swluUning by ~e:ns 0 :c 1 ieve directed movemellt towards the
<br />. , .,'.'..,.. . .0 ateral flexure of the body.
<br />
<br />134
<br />
<br />ISSN0032-9452!81!OOOI-0134$7.50!O
<br />e 1982 Scripta Publishing Co.
<br />
<br />In our investigations (Balayev, 1967, 1969; Balayevet al., 1970) the absence
<br />of an anode reaction was also noted in several bottom and demersal fishes, Gobius
<br />meZanostorrruS. Soo1'paena p01'ous. DipZodus annuZaris and others. However, a dis-
<br />tinct anode reaction was observed in PZatichthys j1esus Zusous in both the ver-
<br />tical and horizontal fields (Balayev et al., 1976).
<br />
<br />a.5i
<br />
<br />In order to classify. data on .the presence or absence of anllnode reaction in
<br />different species of fish, we summarized the results of inve~tigations in Black
<br />Sea fishes and also set upa nUll\ber of experiments in Baitic fishes differing as
<br />regards morphology and ecology. ..
<br />
<br />.METHODS
<br />
<br />The behavior of 18 species of Black Sea and 4 species of Baltic Sea fishes
<br />was investigated. Black Sea fishes: the Black Sea scad, T1'aohu1'Us mediterraneus
<br />pontious. the porgy, Spioa1'a smaris. the corb, Umbrina ci1'rosa. the whiting, Odon-
<br />togadus me1'Zangus euxinus. the shore rockling, Gaidropsa1'Us mediter1'aneus. the
<br />crab, the greater weever, Trachinus d1'aoo. the surmullet, MUZZus ba1'batus ponti-
<br />ous. the bream, the pipe fish, Syngnathus typhZea1'gentatus, the Black Sea sea-
<br />horse, Hippooampus guttuZatus mio1'ostephanus. the ro-und goby, .the Black Sea blenny,
<br />BZenius snaguinoZentus. the reef:-fish, Ch1'omis ohl'Omis. the stargazer, Vranosoopus
<br />soaber. the scorpionfish, the Black Sea turbot,SoophthaZmus maeotiousmaeoti-
<br />cus. the Black Sea sole, SoZea lasaaris nasuta~ Baltic fishes: . the vimba, Vimba
<br />vimba. the flounder, PZatiohthy~ -fZesus..the.viviparous blenny,Zoa1'ces. vivipa1'Us.
<br />and the shorthornsculpin,MyoxocephaZus scwrpil,is. The work waS c~rried out in
<br />the Georgian Department of the .Ail~Union Research In.stitute for Sea Fisheries and
<br />Oceanography and in the Klaypeda,branchof the Special Exp~rimental Commercial
<br />Fisheries Construction Bureau. The :methods used in the experiments were described
<br />in detail in a previous article (Balayev 'and Fursa, 1980). The fish were sub-
<br />jected to the actian of a rectified current without filtration. The minimum ten-
<br />sion oCthe electric ,field at which ,the fish turned around, swam and remained
<br />near the anode throughout the. entire time of ctluent .actionwas ,considered as
<br />the anode reaction threshold. .The minimum tension of the electric field at which
<br />the fish were immobilized immediately after the switching on of the current, was
<br />considered the tetanus threshold. The initial position of the fish during de-
<br />termination of these threshold .reactions was with the head facing the cathode
<br />"ascending flow."
<br />
<br />
<br />First.-we-sha"Il consider the -general behavior of fish "in an-electric field.
<br />Black Sea fishes withstand current 'activity' more 'easily .than B.altic fishes. Such
<br />bottom fishes as the scorpion fish, goby, flounder and stargazer are. particularly
<br />resistant. Of the balticfishes 'the sc:!,lpin 'is the most resistant..-The other
<br />species either died after .bdng 2 - 3 times. in a state of tetanus, or they became
<br />so weakened that theY were :i1lllll0bilized even in weak e-lectric fields. . Of the
<br />Black Sea fishes, the'surm~llet and the reef-flshshowed ~ similar low resistance.
<br />\ ::.. - ~
<br />\' The valu~sof .the threshold 'reactions of the fishes are given in the Table.
<br />Five species of Black Sea -fishes, the reef-fisb,.the pipefish, the seahorse, the
<br />round goby and 'the BlaCK Sea blenny, of which single specimens were investigated,
<br />are not given in the Table.
<br />
<br />All the. -fish investigated are divided into 3 groups. The urs.t includes fish
<br />which have ananode reaction, the second those that have none; the third group,
<br />the intermedi~te group, is the one in which only some individuals of a species
<br />have an anode reaction (greater weever, surmullet, flounder).
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />135
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