<br />912
<br />
<br />Environ. Toxico/. Chem. 20, 2001
<br />
<br />populations currently inhabit less than 25% of their former
<br />range [1]. There will be no refugia for Colorado pikeminnow
<br />if remaining habitat becomes unsuitable for any life-stage re-
<br />quirement. Given that many human-induced changes respon-
<br />sible for decline of Colorado pikeminnow are still present in
<br />the Colorado River Basin, it is important to prevent further
<br />anthropogenic degradation and be proactive about predicting
<br />how existing conditions may change in the future.
<br />
<br />Acknowledgement-We thank K.R. Bestgen for statistical advice and
<br />encouragement. J.E Fairchild, K.E. Klima, and three anonymous re-
<br />viewers provided comments that improved the manuscript. PJ. Sikoski
<br />provided laboratory assistance. This study was funded by the Recov-
<br />ery Implementation Program for Endangered Fish Species in the Up-
<br />per Colorado River Basin.
<br />
<br />REFERENCES
<br />
<br />1. Tyus HM. 1991. Ecology and management of Colorado pike-
<br />minnow. In Minckley WL, Deacon JE, eds, Battle Against Ex-
<br />tinction. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA, pp 379-
<br />404.
<br />2. U.S. Department of Interior. 1967. Native fish and wildlife: En-
<br />dangered species. Fed Reg 32:4001.
<br />3. Carlson CA, Muth RT. 1989. The Colorado River: Lifeline of the
<br />American Southwest. Can Spec Pub Fish Aquat Sci 106:220-
<br />239.
<br />4. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Colorado squaw fish re-
<br />covery plan. Final Report. Denver, co.
<br />5. Sutterlin AM. 1974. Pollutants and the chemical senses of aquatic
<br />animals-Perspective and review. Chem Senses Flavor 1:167-
<br />178.
<br />6. Brown SB, Evans RE, Thompson BE, Hara TJ. 1982. Chemo-
<br />reception and aquatic pollutants. In Hara TJ, ed, Chemoreception
<br />in Fishes. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp 363-394.
<br />7. Hara TJ, Brown SB, Evans RE. 1983. Pollutants and chemore-
<br />ception in aquatic organisms. In Nriagu JO, ed, Aquatic Toxi-
<br />cology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, pp 247-306.
<br />8. Brand JG, Bruch RC. 1992. Molecular mechanisms of chemo-
<br />sensory transduction: Gustation and olfaction. In Hara TJ, ed,
<br />Fish Chemoreception. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, USA,
<br />pp 126-149.
<br />9. Klaprat DA, Evans RE, Hara TJ. 1992. Environmental contam-
<br />inants and chemoreception in fishes. In Hara TJ, ed, Fish Che-
<br />moreception. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, USA, pp 321-
<br />342.
<br />10. Hara TJ. 1971. Chemoreception. In Hoar WS, Randall DJ, eds,
<br />Fish Physiology, Vol 5. Academic, New York, NY, USA, pp 79-
<br />120.
<br />11. Smith RJE 1992. Alarm signals in fishes. Rev Fish Bioi Fish 2:
<br />33-63.
<br />12. American Society for Testing and Materials. 1990. Standard guide
<br />for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes, macroinvertebrates,
<br />and amphibians. E729-88. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
<br />Vol 11.04. Philadelphia, PA, pp 360-379.
<br />13. Hamilton SJ, Buhl KJ. 1997. Hazard assessment of inorganics,
<br />individually and in mixtures, to two endangered fish in the San
<br />Juan River, New Mexico. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 12:195-
<br />209.
<br />14. U.S. Geological Survey. 1980. Water resources data for Colorado,
<br />water year 1980, Vol 3. CO-80-3. Water-Data Report. Water Re-
<br />sources Division, Lakewood, CO.
<br />15. U.S. Geological Survey. 1981. Waterresources data for Colorado,
<br />water year 1981, Vol 3. CO-81-3. Water-Data Report. Water Re-
<br />sources Division, Lakewood, CO.
<br />16. Steinheimer JT, Ugland RC, Burch HE, Wilson EA. 1982. Water
<br />resources data, Colorado, water year 1982, Vol 3. CO-82-3. Water-
<br />
<br />D.W. Beyers and M.S. Farmer
<br />
<br />Data Report. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
<br />Lakewood, CO.
<br />17. Duncan AC, Ugland RC, Bennett JD, Wilson EA. 1984. Water
<br />resources data, Colorado, water year 1984, Vol 3. CO-84-3. Water-
<br />Data Report. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
<br />Lakewood, CO.
<br />18. Ugland RC, Duncan AC, Wilson EA, Bennett JD. 1985. Water
<br />resources data, Colorado, water year 1985, Vol 3. CO-85-3. Water-
<br />Data Report. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
<br />Lakewood, CO.
<br />19. Ugland RC, Cochran BJ, Kretschman RG, Wilson EA, Bennett
<br />JD. 1989. Water resources data, Colorado, water year 1989, Vol
<br />2. CO-89-2. Water-Data Report. U.S. Geological Survey, Water
<br />Resources Division, Lakewood, CO.
<br />20. Lee RE. 1993. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Mi-
<br />croanalysis. PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
<br />21. SAS Institute. 1993. SAS@ SAS/STA'['@ Software: GENMOD Pro-
<br />cedure, Release 6.09. Technical Report P-243. Cary, NC, USA.
<br />22. Ott RL. 1993. An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data
<br />Analysis, 4th ed. Duxbury, Belmont, CA, USA.
<br />23. SAS Institute. 1990. SAS/STA'['@ Users Guide, Ver 6, 4th ed. Cary,
<br />NC, USA.
<br />24. Saucier D, Astic L. 1995. Morpho-functional alterations in the
<br />olfactory system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and
<br />possible acclimation in response to long-lasting exposure to low
<br />copper levels. Comp Biochem Physiol A 112:273-284.
<br />25. Selye H. 1973. The evolution of the stress concept. Am Sci 61:
<br />692-699.
<br />26. Beyers DW, Rice JA, Clements WH, Henry CJ. 1999. Estimating
<br />physiological cost of chemical exposure: Integrating energetics
<br />and stress to quantify toxic effects in fish. Can J Fish Aquat Sci
<br />56:814-822.
<br />27. Gardner GR, LaRoche G. 1973. Copper induced lesions in es-
<br />tuarine teleosts. J Fish Res Board Can 30:363-367.
<br />28. Cancalon P 1982. Degeneration and regeneration of olfactory
<br />cells induced by ZnS04 and other chemicals. Tissue Cell 14:717-
<br />733.
<br />29. Klima KE, Applehans FM. 1990. Copper exposure and the de-
<br />generation of olfactory receptors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
<br />mykiss). Chem Speciat Bioavailab 2:149-154.
<br />30. Julliard AK, Saucier D, Astic L. 1996. Time-course of apoptosis
<br />in the olfactory epithelium of rainbow trout exposed to a low
<br />copper level. Tissue Cell 28:367-377.
<br />31. HansenJA, RoseJD, Jenkins RA, Gerow KG, BergmanHL. 1999.
<br />Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout
<br />(Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to copper: Neurophysiological
<br />and histological effects on the olfactory system. Environ Toxicol
<br />Chem 18: 1979-1991.
<br />32. Moran DT, Rowley JC, Aiken G. 1987. Trout olfactory receptors
<br />degenerate in response to water-borne ions. In Roper SD, Atama
<br />J, eds, Olfaction and Taste, Vol9-Annals of New York Academy
<br />of Science. New York, NY, USA, pp 509-511.
<br />33. Cancalon P. 1983. Influence of a detergent on the catfish olfactory
<br />mucosa. Tissue Cell 15:245-258.
<br />34. Sorensen EMB. 1991. Metal Poisoning in Fish. CRC, Boca Ra-
<br />ton, FL, USA.
<br />35. Getchell TV. 1986. Functional properties of vertebrate olfactory
<br />receptor neurons. Physiol Rev 66:772-818.
<br />36. Miller TG, Mackay WC. 1982. Relationship of secreted mucus
<br />to copper and acid toxicity in rainbow trout. Bull Environ Con tam
<br />ToxicoI28:68-74.
<br />37. Whitear M. 1992. Solitary chemosensory cells. In Hara TJ, ed,
<br />Fish Chemoreception. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, USA,
<br />pp 103-125.
<br />38. Julliard AK, Saucier D, Astic L. 1995. Metal X-ray microanalysis
<br />in the olfactory system of rainbow trout exposed to low level of
<br />copper. Bioi Cell 83:77-86.
<br />39. Hara TJ. 1986. Role of olfaction in fish behavior. In Pitcher TJ,
<br />ed, The Behavior of Teleost Fishes. Johns Hopkins University
<br />Press, Baltimore, MD, USA, pp 152-176.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
|