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<br />CONTENTS <br /> <br />PREFACE .......... <br />EXECUTIVE SUMMARY <br />CONTENTS <br />TABLES <br />FIGURES <br />ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS <br />ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................... <br /> <br />. . . . . . . <br /> <br />1. <br /> <br />I NTRODUCTI ON <br />1.1 Objective and Scope of the Manual <br />1.2 Sources of Information <br />1.3 Application of the Manual <br />1.4 References <br /> <br />.......................... . <br /> <br />.................................. ............... <br /> <br />2. <br /> <br />OPPORTUNITIES AND CONFLICTS OF SMALL-SCALE HYDROELECTRIC <br />DEVELOPMENT <br />2.1 Opportunities Presented by Small-Scale <br />2.2 Conflicts of Small-Scale Hydro With <br />2.3 References <br /> <br />....................................... . <br /> <br />Hydro <br />Other Uses <br /> <br />........................................ . <br /> <br />3. <br /> <br />OVERVIEW OF SMALL-SCALE HYDROELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY <br />3.1 Hydropower Principles <br />3.2 References ........... <br /> <br />................ <br /> <br />................ <br /> <br />4. <br /> <br />CONSTRUCTION-RELATED IMPACTS <br />4.1 Preconstruction Activities <br />4.2 Construction Activities <br />4.3 References <br /> <br />............... <br /> <br />.................... <br /> <br />5. <br /> <br />FACILITIES-RELATED IMPACTS <br />5.1 Dams and Impoundments <br />5.2 Spi llways <br />5.3 Intakes <br />5.4 Waterways and Their <br />5.5 Powerhouse <br />5.6 References <br /> <br />... .......... ............. <br /> <br />Controls <br />and Auxiliary Equipment <br /> <br />................................. . <br /> <br />6. <br /> <br />TURBINE-RELATED IMPACTS <br />6.1 Conventional Turbines <br />6.2 Unconventional Turbines <br />6.4 References .............. <br /> <br />.................... ..................... <br /> <br />......... ......... ......... <br /> <br />vii <br /> <br />i i i <br />iv <br />vii <br />ix <br />xi <br />xv <br />xvi <br /> <br />1 <br />1 <br />2 <br />3 <br />4 <br /> <br />5 <br />6 <br />13 <br />15 <br /> <br />17 <br />17 <br />37 <br /> <br />38 <br />38 <br />41 <br />54 <br /> <br />55 <br />57 <br />70 <br />79 <br />85 <br />95 <br />102 <br /> <br />107 <br />109 <br />131 <br />136 <br />