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water, and evapotranspiration due to alterations of stream- flow patterns that will have far reaching implications to fish and wildlife; and 10. Changes in recreational use and visitor access, which may increase fish and wildlife exploitation rates and rorest fire danger. Adverse impacts of SSH development and operations may affect fish and wildlife either directly or indirectly. Direct effects include actual mortality or disturbances or destruction of habitat to the point that a species of fish or wildlife cannot live in the area. Indirect effects include habitat alterations or disturbances that make an area less suitable to a species of fish or wildlife or that change predator/prey and competitive relationships to the point that population levels or productivity are adversely affected. 2.2.2 Other Resource Conflicts This manual is not intended to consider environmental impacts other than those effecting fish and wildlife. However, for the sake of com- pleteness, it is worth mentioning that SSH can be in conflict with human activities and systems as well. Recreation may be negatively impacted by flow fluctuations or seasonal decreases caused by operational procedures required for power generation. Such popular activities as whitewater raft- ing and kayaking could be adversely affected by low flows or sudden changes in discharge. The aesthetic and recreational values of rivers and streams, historic sites such as canal locks, and pond and wetland shorelines could be affected by alterations of flow due to SSH projects. Sma ll-sca le hydro may affect flows to the detriment of other water users even though no water is consumed; for example, by storing water during irrigation or stock watering seasons, or by diverting water and cutting off a user whose property lies in the affected portion of the stream. None of these conflicts with other valuable uses is a certainty for every SSH project; the existence of a conflict must be determined by a careful site- specific analysis of water needs in relation to planned hydro operations. 2.3 REFERENCES American Society of Civil Engineers, Boston Section.1980. Hydraulic lecture series on small scale hydropower. Sponsored by Hydraulic Group, Boston Society of Civil Engineers, in cooperation with Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Published by Boston Section, American Society of Civil Engineers, Boston, MA. 351 pp. Corso, R.A. 1982. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's role in hydro- power development. Pages 1-5 in G.A. Barnhart, ed. Hydropower and fish- eri es: impacts and opportunit i es. Proceedings of the 1982 Northeastern Division, American Fisheries Society, Coldwater Workshop. Held 15-17 June 1982 at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. New York State Dept. Environmental Conservation Publication. 15