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2 Foreign Nonindigenous Carps and Minnows (Cyprinidae) in the U.S.-A Guide to their Identification Plate 1. Native distribution of the Family Cyprinidae (in dark blue). Foreign Cyprinids Treated in this Guide Eleven foreign nonindigenous cyprinids are included in this guide. Eight species have established breeding populations in the U.S. (Goldfish, Grass Carp, Common Carp, Silver Carp, Bighead Carp, Bitterling, Rudd, and Tench). Three species are not known with certainty to have reproducing populations (Black Carp, Crucian Carp, 1de). There is mounting evidence suggest- ing that Black Carp is either already established in the wild or that it will become established in the near future (Nico and others, 2005). The Crucian Carp was reported to be thriving in Chicago, Illinois, in the early 1900s (Meek and Hildebrand, 1910); however, it is no longer believed to exist there (Smith 1979). Although there are currently no documented reproducing popula- tions in the U.S., there is a possibility that Crucian Carp is established but has been misidentified or confused with the morphologically similar Goldfish. Also, recent interest in culturing Crucian Carp for the live food fish trade raises the possibility of future introductions. Ide was included based on records of multiple introduc- tions and one established population in Connecticut that was eradicated (Fuller and others, 1999). However, Ide may still be present, but undetected, in other drainages. , ". Although we include detailed information and accounts for a few foreign cyprinid species not yet established in the U.S. (for example, Crucian Carp), this guide does not provide information for the identification of several other foreign cyprinids that have been found or reported in the U.S. These excluded species include ones that either never became established, or those that only temporarily formed reproducing populations and then subsequently disappeared. The Zebra Oanio (Brachydanio rerio) is one example; it was reported to have a single reproducing population in a spring system in New Mexico (Sublette and others, 1990; Fuller and others, 1999), but is no longer extant (Nelson and others, 2004). The Zebra Oanio was also reported in the open waters of California, Connecticut, and Florida (Fuller and others, 1999), as the result of escapes from fish farms or aquarium releases; however, no evidence of reproduction has been reported. Two ornamental species from Asia, the Blackspot Barb (Puntius filamentosus) and the Green Barb (Puntius semifasciolatus), had reproducing populations in Nu'uanu Reservoir No.2 in Oahu, Hawaii. However, neither species has been seen since the drought of 1984 when the reservoir almost dried (Yamamoto and Tagawa 2000). A few other foreign cyprinids have been reported in open waters of the U.S., but are not known to maintain reproducing populations appendix A).