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<br />NATURAL AQUATIC HABITATS AND NATIVE FISHES <br /> <br />Creeks in the Pines <br /> <br />In the United States, streams higher than 1800 m <br />elevation (Fig. 9) generally remain cool enough in <br />summer to support trouts, as well as to exclude <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />other, more temperate fishes like minnows and <br />suckers. Winters are too severe or summer water <br />temperatures do not rise high enough for successful <br />reproduction and recruitment of warmwater species. <br />Winter water temperatures hover near freezing at the <br />highest elevations. Water also remains cold (less than <br />15.50 C) in summer, except where slow-flowing <br />reaches are exposed to sunlight throughout the day. <br />Even there, summer temperatures greater than 21.1 0 <br />C are uncommon. <br /> <br /> <br />Figure 9. Upper left: East Fork of the White River, Arizona, <br />near the type locality for Apache Trout, 1980. Above: Ord <br />Creek, Arizona, flowing through Bull Cienega, 1979. This <br />stream has been the subject of unsuccessful attempts since <br />1978 to eradicate non-native brook and brown trouts that <br />have been progressively replacing the native Apache trout. <br />Left: Iron Creek, New Mexico, illustrating an artificial barrier <br />installed to protect a pure population of Gila trout, 1979. <br /> <br />6 <br />