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<br />Foreword <br /> <br />This report provides a comprehensive synthesis of the literature related to electrofishing with an emphasis on <br />adverse effects to fish. The sections on "Electric Fields in Water," "Responses of Fish to Electric Fields," "Harmful <br />Effects of Electrofishing on Fish," "Factors Affecting Electrofishing Injury and Mortality," and "Conclusions" are <br />especially valuable to all field biologists who use electrofishing as a sampling tool. This information provides insight <br />on how to effectively use this valuable sampling tool while minimizing adverse effects to fish. The recommentation of <br />experimental testing is especially important when electro fishing is to be used to sample threatened or endangered <br />fishes so that necessary precautions can be taken to avoid injury or mortality. This thorough overview provides a <br />valuable reference to biologists, managers, and students for understanding: (1) the principles of electrofishing; (2) con- <br />cepts of electrical transmission in water and fish; and (3) ways to reduce fish injury and mortality. Application of this <br />knowledge will ensure that studies are designed to minimize biased results and adverse impacts. <br /> <br />Dr. Richard S. Wydoski, Editor <br /> <br /> <br />iii <br />