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<br />SNYDER 17 <br /> <br /> <br />Closely spaced spherical electrodes <br /> <br />Constant voltage lines <br /> <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />Current lines <br /> <br /> <br />/ <br /> <br />Isolated Spherical Electrode <br />NOTE: Total current between any two current lines is the same, zone illustrations assume both polarities <br />are equally effective (ie, ac excitation), voltage levels for illustration only <br /> <br />_ Electrode <br /> <br />I11III Dangerzone <br /> <br />1- <br />~> '~,- <br />,::d:r11V' .." . <br /> <br />Effective zone <br /> <br />Fig. 9. Hypothetical two-dimensional diagrams of heterogeneous electric fields around and between electrodes. (When <br />electrodes are sufficiently far apart, the field around each is essentially isolated as indicated in the lower diagram. <br />Voltage is relative to that of the water where voltage gradient is minimal. Constant-voltage (isopotential) lines are <br />perpendicular to the radiating lines of current. Contrary to the diagrams, current flows from negative to positive <br />electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Fig. 3.10 in Novotny, 1990.) <br />