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Last modified
7/14/2009 5:02:31 PM
Creation date
5/20/2009 2:48:50 PM
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UCREFRP
UCREFRP Catalog Number
7784
Author
Snyder, D. E.
Title
Impacts of Electrofishing on Fish.
USFW Year
1992.
USFW - Doc Type
\
Copyright Material
NO
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<br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br /> <br />Impacts of Electrofishing on Fish <br /> <br />establish interim guidelines for minimizing <br />detrimental effects of electrofishing and direct <br />research to address unanswered concems and <br />additional means for reducing injury. Phase II would <br />consist of controlled experiments (laboratory and/or <br />field) to answer questions and concerns remaining <br />after Phase I. Phase m would consist of field <br />experiments to verify results or test the effectiveness <br />of techniques developed in Phase ll. This report is <br />Phase I, the position paper. <br />Most of this paper is a synthesis of published <br />information, unpublished manuscripts, technical <br /> <br />Methods; Review 3 <br /> <br />presentations, regional survey responses, and personal <br />communications with experienced electrofishing <br />personnel and authorities. Based on this synthesis, <br />the remainder of the paper (conclusions) consists of <br />responses to specific questions to be addressed by <br />this investigation, recommendations for minimizing <br />potential electrofishing injury and mortality under <br />present technology (interim policy), and <br />recommendations for research to determine the extent <br />of electrofishing injury to species of concem and fill <br />critical gaps in our understanding of the problem, its <br />causes, and its resolution. <br /> <br />METHODS <br /> <br />Publications on electrofishing and particularly its <br />effects on fish were identified by various means; the <br />recent bibliography by Burridge et al. (1990) and <br />electronic databases were especially useful. Muchof <br />the more pertinent literature was obtained and <br />scanned for content. The literature identified for this <br />investigation was catalogued, with keywords and <br />content codes, in a bibliographic computer database <br />(Reference Manager by Research Information <br />Systems, Inc., Carlsbad, California). The indexed <br />bibliography in Appendix I is a hardcopy version of <br />the database. <br />Information derived from the literature was <br />supplemented by data, observations, hypotheses, and <br />recommendations in unpublished manuscripts (mostly <br />works being prepared or considered for publication) <br />and anecdotal accounts through personal <br />communication (see lists of cited sources at the end <br />of this report). Information regarding unpublished <br />and on-going work, as well as personal observations, <br /> <br />experiences, and suggestions was solicited through a <br />request printed in Fisheries (American Fisheries <br />Society, May-June 1991) and several other fishery- <br />related bulletins and newsletters (Appendix ll; <br />approximately 30 responses were received). Several <br />recognized authorities and electrofishing gear <br />manufacturers also shared their knowledge, views, <br />and unpublished manuscripts. Some contacts were <br />made during a special session on electrofishing <br />injuries that was held as part of the July 1991 annual <br />meeting of the Western Division of the American <br />Fisheries Society in Bozeman, Montana. Finally, a <br />questionnaire was prepared to solicit more local <br />observations and recommendations on electrofishing <br />(Appendix II). The survey forms were distributed to <br />researchers working in the Colorado River Basin and <br />fishery biology faculty and students at Colorado <br />State University. Unpublished observations and <br />hypotheses in the following review are used with <br />source permission. <br /> <br />REVIEW AND COMMENTARY <br /> <br />Electricity has been used by humans to kill, <br />anesthetize, capture, drive, draw, tickle (stir), guide, <br />or screen (block, repel) fish since the mid 1800's <br />(Halsband and Halsband 1975, 1984; Hartley 1990; <br />Vibert 1967b). As early as 1863, a British patent <br />was granted to Isham Baggs for electric fishing, but <br />widespread development and use of the technique did <br />not occur until the 1950's. Halsband and Halsband <br />(1975, 1984) provide a particularly detailed history <br />of research on fish in electric fields, especially with <br />regard to German contributions. However, man's <br /> <br />technological developments are often modifications <br />or imitations of nature's own. Since before the <br />evolution of modem man, certain species of fish, <br />themselves, had developed powerful electric organs, <br />the discharges of which were probably used, as they <br />are by their modem descendants, to detect and <br />capture prey or ward off predators (Hyatt 1979; <br />Marshall 1966). It is also interesting that the <br />stunning or narcotizing effects of electric fishes were <br />known and used for medical purposes by the ancient <br />Greeks and that the study of electric fishes in the <br />
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