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fish and humpback chub becausc of thei r high vulnerability. The recovery program prescribes that stocking of non-native species be con- fined to areas where absence of conflict with the endangered fishcs can be demonstratcd. These potential recovery problcms will be closely monitored by CRFP personnel, the CODOW, and the UTDWR. Where necessary and feasible, state conservation agencies and thc USFWS will cooperatively plan and implement controls. 5. Research, monitoring, and data manage- ment. The UCRIC provides a forum to guide and coordinate research, management, and recovery activities for endangered fishes. Its management and technical committees meet four to six times annually, and the entire UCRIC meets semiannually to review progress on recovery activities and research on life his- tory, ecology, and habitat requirements of en- dangered fishes, and to assess the effectiveness of recovery and management procedures. Funding is a\:;o a coopcrative responsibility. The projected annual budget of $2.,3 million, adjusted for inflation, is to be provided by federal and state governments, power and water users, and private donations. Two capi- tal funds will be requested from Congress. A minimum of $10 million will be requested for purchase of water rights to protect in-stream Hows. In addition, a $5-million fund will be requested for construction of fish passageways and rearing facilities. Summary and Epilogue The recovery effort for the rare fishes in the upper Colorado River basin has been the largest and most comprehensive project of its kind in the United States. It evolved as an ef- fort to resolve conflicts berween water use for municipal, industrial, and agricultural pur- poses and water requirements for endangered Evolutioll of a Recovery Program 135 fishes. The USFWS Colorado River Fishery Pro- ject, the USBR, and the statcs of Colorado and Utah conductcd and sponsorcd intcnsive bio- logical studies on cndangercd fishes. Tcchnical information provided by these studics was used by the Upper Colorado Rivcr Coordinat- ing Committec to develop a recovery program that has bcen formally endorscd by water lIsers, federal and stare governments, and con- scrvation groups (USFWS 1987a). For the first time there is now a long-term, cooperative commitment to fund and imple- ment a comprehensive effort aimed at recov- ery of endangered fishes. The challenge will be to ensure that water can be managed a~nd allocated to meet existing and new municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses, while at the same time providing adequate in-stream flows required by the fishes of concern. In addition, effective measures to control non-native fishes that prey on or compete with endangered fishes must be found and itl)plemented. Recovery and section 7 acrions must be based on sound biological principles so that the primary objective of the ESA is achieved; that is, to preserve the ecosystem on which the endangered Colorado River fishes depend. The success of the recovery program requires a strong and continued commitment by parti- cipants on the Upper Colorado River Imple- mentation Committee to balance the needs of all parties (water developers, power users, en- vironmentalists, anglers, etc.) who have a con- cern and interest in water and fishery resources of the upper Colorado River. Constraints of knowledge, time, politics, and available funds require creative thinking and actions for effec- tive multiple use of this important resource. The recovery program provides an unprece- dented opportunity to demonstrate thatsrealistic management of endangered species is possible.