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<br />angling potential to meet future demands for this sport. Numerous species <br />of wi1dlife, that have become extremely low in numbers have successfully <br />recovered through proper management so that they provide sport today (Wild- <br />life Management Institute, 1974). Threatened and endangered species can <br />similarly be re-established through effective management. <br /> <br />These ideas have practical and realistic considerations for fishery <br />wanagement in the future if participation in fishing continues--and there <br />is no reason to believe that the trend will not continue. <br /> <br />In addition to the possibilities for sports native fish are probably <br />better adapted for survival in their native range than exotic species and <br />could provide forage for game fish or be used in biological control of <br />noxious insects such as mosquitos (Pendleton and Smarts 1954; Minckley, <br />1965). The least chub (Iotichth1s phlegethontis), for example, is known to <br />feed readily on mosquito larvae Pendleton and Smarts 1954) and can survive <br />colder temperatures better than mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Sigler and <br />Miller, 1963). Although the least chub is not listed by the U.S. Fish and <br />Wildlife Service, its former distribution appears to have decreased greatly <br />and it is now protected under Utah State proclamation for- aquatic.life. <br /> <br />CONCLUSIONS <br /> <br />This discussion of federal legislation, moral obligation, the rationale <br />and philosophy for the management of threatened and endangered species, and <br />some practical or realistic approaches to the management of such species, is <br />riot entirely new, but I have attempted to summarize and place into perspec- <br />tive the beliefs of many biologists regarding this problem. <br /> <br />The public, as well as voluntary associations, have been involved and <br />will become more involved in the future in policy decisions and administra- <br />tion for managing nongame species. Management agencies will need to use <br />effective public relations to educate the public and guide them in a direc- <br />tion so that they can influence decisions for the proper management of all <br />natural resources. <br /> <br />Although a number of species have become rare because of over-exploita- <br />tion and elimination as competitors with game species, most species have <br />become rare because of destruction and alteration of their habitats. Sound <br />manage~ent of ecosystems will benefit game as well as nongame species and <br />should be considered in comprehensive land use or riyer basin planning. <br /> <br />Some ideas for the propagation, program funding, establishment of <br />research and management priorities, and the potential to use threatened and <br />endangered species in fishery management are summarizeds that are realistic <br />for the preservation of the species. Establishing research and management <br />priorities that are realistic within the constraints of knowledge, time, <br />politics, and available funds is imperative because the number of~pecies, <br />that are already officially listed as endangered or suggested for listing, <br />is large. <br /> <br />The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is a benefit to society not only <br /> <br />2~ <br />