acterized by the same internal myopia passage ("ladders,"and other
<br />that has traditionally gotten fish propa- ways to get fish past barriers) . Perhaps the ultimate in putting the program
<br />gation into trouble. Of the 30 habitat improve-
<br />As ever. disease gets much attention, rnent articles, 24 (t~0 percent) cart before the resource horse was in an article
<br />and that is probably increasing. As more
<br />hatcheries and fish farms are built, as included post-treatmenteval-
<br />nation ofeflectson fish popu_ on behalf Of Oregon's hatcheries: "Fishery
<br />more fish are crowded into theta, and
<br />as more disease organisms become re- lations or clearly ciiscttssed
<br />implications fir fishery otr managers today are very aware that maintain-
<br />sistant to medicines, there are inclica-
<br />tiotrs drat hatchery disease problems jectives broader than ttre tech-
<br />niques being described. But Ing supplies of native, adapted stocks is key t0
<br />are intensifying. ~ti'e seem to hear some only three (11 percent) of
<br />new horror story every month or so the 28 hatchery articles had the long-term survival of hatchery programs."
<br />about this hatcherv being closed down any post-stacking evaluation
<br />by a disease or that hatcherv losing a or even alluded to inrplica-
<br />rare strain of fish by some other dis- lions for the. fish after then had entered what might we expect from similar es-
<br />ease. Aran international fishervconfer= the nanu•al environment. aminadon ofpublic hatchervprograms%
<br />once last IVIav, a delegate from the Scientists are also concerned about Population genetics seems the big-
<br />northeastern United States rushed up better nuU-ition and el}iciency of• foots Best topic of new~tound concern and
<br />to an Australian. "I hear votr're from e~nct;~~ use in hatcherie•sand fish farms. acti~ityin hatchervprogtams. hlanycon-
<br />Tasmania," he blurted. "Look, your Net.• insights and outL~oks are emerg- sider it the main thrust of reform. \ot
<br />hatdlery Atlantic salmon are the only ing. If aquaculture acts on these, there the old test-tube brand ofgenetic.s, long
<br />ones in the world that aren't cont~ami- could be much improvement, includ- apart of fish culttu~e, this is field genet-
<br />nated with [some disease, the name of ing moderation. its, the kind that deals with population
<br />which I didn't catch]. ti'e desperateh• It is remarkable how energy-i~ief}i- processes, including effects that hatch-
<br />need disease-free stock, and we'll do dent some of the highh touted private cry practices can have on wild and
<br />whatever is needed to get some from com-nercial fish-production facilities stocked fish. Fish culturists have gotten
<br />you." are. (;arl Folke, a Swedish researcher, the message that the ways they've se-
<br />Hatcherv engineering is a coniinu- reports that "To produce the feed for lected spawners is causing dire genetic
<br />ing thrust. Things can ahtavs he made cage-farmed salmon, one requires... problems. So the}' are hiring popula-
<br />smoother-running and more conve- plankton from a sra area...40,000 to lion geneticists to advise on improved
<br />Wien[. Here, as with so much else in X0,0(1(1 times large°r than the surface breeding schemes. A tremendous
<br />hatcherv management, the main fi~cus area of the cages themseh•es. Thus, a amount of good is bound to result.
<br />stays on results reril/rin the hatcherv, not fish farm cannot be sustained without Apart from a few charlatans w-ho, as in
<br />on results in terms of a better fishery substantial imports of energy and re- most any endeavor, creep in, many of
<br />resource. The afte---stocking effects of sources produced, maintained, and col- the advisers are top-notch population
<br />the engineering advances are seldom lectedoverlargeecosysternareasoutside geneticists, w•ho know what has to be
<br />investigated. its borders." clone to conserve and restore free-liv-
<br />The printed proceedings of a 198H "Furthermore," wrote (=erald I.. ing fish populations.
<br />symposium on "fisheries bioengi- Schroeder, "a conventionally-fed [arts- Hindar, Roman and Utter, in their
<br />neeting" has articles on f sh hatchery ficia]] fish pond...is a consumer, not a article on effects of ntlnn•ed fish, advo-
<br />matters, habitat improvement, and fish producer, of Rx~d energy, protein, and care measures to decrease the negative
<br /> even of fish. if the supplied impacts on wild fish of interbreeding
<br /> feed is similar to that used in with hatcherv fish. These include sexual
<br />To minimise harm, it is important to downsi ze Israeli fish farming (i.e., con- sterilization; using aquacultural facili-
<br />"
<br />"
<br /> taining I(>-l5 percent fish ties that are more
<br />closed
<br />so as ro re-
<br />hatchery programs. The principle should be nleall."
<br />" dace numbers of escapees; confining
<br /> Still further
<br />feed for fish culture and release to fewer, more
<br />appropriate scale, not maximising facilities, thought" from a 1990 article carefully selected rivers; minimizing
<br /> (containing that phr~.se in genetic differences by using local wild
<br />budgets and prodUCtien...AS with much else in the title) by 1\ew and 1h'ijk-
<br />" parents; and numitoring the genetic
<br /> Strom:
<br />As long as aquacul- effects of aquaculture. They also reo-
<br />hatchery management, focus is on resuhs w6dsti€att tyre remain`; Partially reliant onrrnend the inventory of wild stocks
<br /> on the capture fisheries [fir (to ids°ntify genetic resources), main-
<br />-he hatchery, not On a better fishery re50urca~, fish rite°a] in the I~ef°d for- t<tining natt,ral ecosystems, maincairi-
<br />~
<br /> nutlaJ, it will not be a net inggeneticviabilityof
<br />wildandhatchery
<br />The after-stacking effects of the engineeritrg c'ontrihutnr to human fiutd
<br />" stocks, and avoiding selective harvest of
<br /> supplies. wild stocks.
<br />advances are seldom investigated. Ifprivate,ptofit-motivated 'There is danger in thinking that all
<br /> operaLionsaresoinefficie~nt, genetic inadequacicsofaquaculturer_an
<br />AU'l'LIMti 1992 TR/)I 'r
<br />
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