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acterized by the same internal myopia passage ("ladders,"and other <br />that has traditionally gotten fish propa- ways to get fish past barriers) . Perhaps the ultimate in putting the program <br />gation into trouble. Of the 30 habitat improve- <br />As ever. disease gets much attention, rnent articles, 24 (t~0 percent) cart before the resource horse was in an article <br />and that is probably increasing. As more <br />hatcheries and fish farms are built, as included post-treatmenteval- <br />nation ofeflectson fish popu_ on behalf Of Oregon's hatcheries: "Fishery <br />more fish are crowded into theta, and <br />as more disease organisms become re- lations or clearly ciiscttssed <br />implications fir fishery otr managers today are very aware that maintain- <br />sistant to medicines, there are inclica- <br />tiotrs drat hatchery disease problems jectives broader than ttre tech- <br />niques being described. But Ing supplies of native, adapted stocks is key t0 <br />are intensifying. ~ti'e seem to hear some only three (11 percent) of <br />new horror story every month or so the 28 hatchery articles had the long-term survival of hatchery programs." <br />about this hatcherv being closed down any post-stacking evaluation <br />by a disease or that hatcherv losing a or even alluded to inrplica- <br />rare strain of fish by some other dis- lions for the. fish after then had entered what might we expect from similar es- <br />ease. Aran international fishervconfer= the nanu•al environment. aminadon ofpublic hatchervprograms% <br />once last IVIav, a delegate from the Scientists are also concerned about Population genetics seems the big- <br />northeastern United States rushed up better nuU-ition and el}iciency of• foots Best topic of new~tound concern and <br />to an Australian. "I hear votr're from e~nct;~~ use in hatcherie•sand fish farms. acti~ityin hatchervprogtams. hlanycon- <br />Tasmania," he blurted. "Look, your Net.• insights and outL~oks are emerg- sider it the main thrust of reform. \ot <br />hatdlery Atlantic salmon are the only ing. If aquaculture acts on these, there the old test-tube brand ofgenetic.s, long <br />ones in the world that aren't cont~ami- could be much improvement, includ- apart of fish culttu~e, this is field genet- <br />nated with [some disease, the name of ing moderation. its, the kind that deals with population <br />which I didn't catch]. ti'e desperateh• It is remarkable how energy-i~ief}i- processes, including effects that hatch- <br />need disease-free stock, and we'll do dent some of the highh touted private cry practices can have on wild and <br />whatever is needed to get some from com-nercial fish-production facilities stocked fish. Fish culturists have gotten <br />you." are. (;arl Folke, a Swedish researcher, the message that the ways they've se- <br />Hatcherv engineering is a coniinu- reports that "To produce the feed for lected spawners is causing dire genetic <br />ing thrust. Things can ahtavs he made cage-farmed salmon, one requires... problems. So the}' are hiring popula- <br />smoother-running and more conve- plankton from a sra area...40,000 to lion geneticists to advise on improved <br />Wien[. Here, as with so much else in X0,0(1(1 times large°r than the surface breeding schemes. A tremendous <br />hatcherv management, the main fi~cus area of the cages themseh•es. Thus, a amount of good is bound to result. <br />stays on results reril/rin the hatcherv, not fish farm cannot be sustained without Apart from a few charlatans w-ho, as in <br />on results in terms of a better fishery substantial imports of energy and re- most any endeavor, creep in, many of <br />resource. The afte---stocking effects of sources produced, maintained, and col- the advisers are top-notch population <br />the engineering advances are seldom lectedoverlargeecosysternareasoutside geneticists, w•ho know what has to be <br />investigated. its borders." clone to conserve and restore free-liv- <br />The printed proceedings of a 198H "Furthermore," wrote (=erald I.. ing fish populations. <br />symposium on "fisheries bioengi- Schroeder, "a conventionally-fed [arts- Hindar, Roman and Utter, in their <br />neeting" has articles on f sh hatchery ficia]] fish pond...is a consumer, not a article on effects of ntlnn•ed fish, advo- <br />matters, habitat improvement, and fish producer, of Rx~d energy, protein, and care measures to decrease the negative <br /> even of fish. if the supplied impacts on wild fish of interbreeding <br /> feed is similar to that used in with hatcherv fish. These include sexual <br />To minimise harm, it is important to downsi ze Israeli fish farming (i.e., con- sterilization; using aquacultural facili- <br />" <br />" <br /> taining I(>-l5 percent fish ties that are more <br />closed <br />so as ro re- <br />hatchery programs. The principle should be nleall." <br />" dace numbers of escapees; confining <br /> Still further <br />feed for fish culture and release to fewer, more <br />appropriate scale, not maximising facilities, thought" from a 1990 article carefully selected rivers; minimizing <br /> (containing that phr~.se in genetic differences by using local wild <br />budgets and prodUCtien...AS with much else in the title) by 1\ew and 1h'ijk- <br />" parents; and numitoring the genetic <br /> Strom: <br />As long as aquacul- effects of aquaculture. They also reo- <br />hatchery management, focus is on resuhs w6dsti€att tyre remain`; Partially reliant onrrnend the inventory of wild stocks <br /> on the capture fisheries [fir (to ids°ntify genetic resources), main- <br />-he hatchery, not On a better fishery re50urca~, fish rite°a] in the I~ef°d for- t<tining natt,ral ecosystems, maincairi- <br />~ <br /> nutlaJ, it will not be a net inggeneticviabilityof <br />wildandhatchery <br />The after-stacking effects of the engineeritrg c'ontrihutnr to human fiutd <br />" stocks, and avoiding selective harvest of <br /> supplies. wild stocks. <br />advances are seldom investigated. Ifprivate,ptofit-motivated 'There is danger in thinking that all <br /> operaLionsaresoinefficie~nt, genetic inadequacicsofaquaculturer_an <br />AU'l'LIMti 1992 TR/)I 'r <br />