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<br />, "29B The Southwestern Naturalist vol. 29, no. 3
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<br />JI
<br />'appropriate spawning conditions would coincide. The deposition of eggs in
<br />an area with good downstream nursery areas is also important for stream
<br />spawners. This is apparently important for the endangered Colorado
<br />squawEish since their numbers are low, suitable spawning sites appear
<br />limited and are far removed from preferred adult habitat. This study
<br />indicates the adult Colorado squawfish migrate into white water canyons
<br />for spawning. Larvae hatched in the lower Yampa River take advantage of
<br />stream transport and drift downstream into the shallow productive nursery
<br />habitats in the Green River. Such a life history strategy, which could have
<br />benefitted the Colorado squawfish formerly, could be implicated in its
<br />decline in the lower Colorado River, where dams may have blocked
<br />migration routes and degraded nursery habitats.
<br />
<br />August 1981
<br />
<br />Tyus and Mc:Ada-Squawlish Movements
<br />
<br />299
<br />
<br />SHUMATE, K. l, R. P. MEHTA, AND lC. WILCOTT. 1981. FWS/MANAGE users manual.
<br />Creative Consulting Corp.. International. Fon Collins, Colorado.
<br />SICLER, W. F. AND R. R. MILLER. 1963. Fishes o! Utah. Utah State Depanment o! Fish and
<br />Game. Salt Lake City, Utah.
<br />UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1973. Threatened Wildli!e o! the U.S. Resource
<br />Publ. 114. WashinglOn, D.C.
<br />UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDUFE SERVICE. 1974. ('.olorado squawlish; determination as an
<br />endangered species. Federal Register. 45(80):27710-27713.
<br />WEDEMEVER, G. A. 1980. Phsyiological response o! lishes to the stress o! intensive aquaculture
<br />in Recirculation Systems. European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission, FAa,
<br />Repon EIFAC 80/Symp:R/9. Rome, Italy.
<br />
<br />Address o! authors: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Seroice, Colorado River Fishery Project, 147 E. Main
<br />St., Vernal, UT 84078.
<br />
<br />This study was !unded, in pan, by the Bureau o! Reclamation, Bureau o! Land Management
<br />and the National Park Service. W. H. Miller and D. L. Archer aided in study !ormulation and
<br />suppor!. Other Fish and Wildli!e Service employees including B. D. Burdick, K. C. Harper, R.
<br />M. McNall, D. L. Skates and E. l Wick aided with sampling operations. The states o! Colorado
<br />and Utah provided logistical suppon. Thanks are given t.D W. H. Miller and C. R. Berry who
<br />provided commenls to the manuscripl.
<br />
<br />.Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
<br />recommendation !or use by the Fish and Wildlife Servic:e, U.S. Depanment o! the Interior.
<br />
<br />LITERATURE CITED
<br />
<br />BIDGOOD, B. F. 1980. Fish surgical procedure !or implantation o! radio tags in !ish. Albena
<br />Division o! Fish and Wildlife. Fish. Res. Rep. 20. Albena, Canada.
<br />HAMMAN, R. L. 1981. Spawning and culture o! Colorado squaw!ish in raceways. Prog. Fish
<br />Cul!.,43:173-177.
<br />HART, L. G. AND R. C. SUMMERFELT. 1975. Surgical procedures !or implanting ultrasonic
<br />transmillers into rIathead cat!ish (Pylodictis olivaris). Tran. Amer. Fish. Soc., 104:56-
<br />59.
<br />HOLDEN, P. B. AND C. B. STALNAKER. 1975. Distribution o[ fishes in the Dolores and Yampa
<br />River sytems o! the upper Colorado River basin. Southwestern Nat., 19:403-412.
<br />JOSEPH, T. W., l A. SINNING, R. l BEHNKE AND P. B. HOLDEN. 1977. An evaluation o! the
<br />status, Ii!e history. and habitat requirements o! endangered and threatened !ishes o! the
<br />upper Colorado River system. Publ. No. FWS/OBS-77/62 U.S Dept. o! Interior, Fish
<br />and Wildli!e Service, Fon Collins, Colorado.
<br />MANTEIFEL, B. P., l. l. GIRSA AND D. S. PAVLOV. 1978. On rhythms o! Cish behavior. Pp. 215-
<br />224. In: Rhythmic activity o! !ishes. J. E. Thorpe (Ed), Academic Press, New York.
<br />MINCKLEV, W. L. 1973. Fishes o! Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Depanmen!. Phoenix,
<br />Arizona.
<br />MII.I.ER, R. R. 1961. Man and the changing !ish !auna o! the American Southwest. Pap.
<br />Mich. Acad. Sci., Ans, Let!., 46:365-404.
<br />MOYLE, P. D. 1976. Inland Fishes o! California. University o! California Press. Berkeley,
<br />California.
<br />MYERS, G. S. 1949. Usage o! anadromous, catadromous and allied terms !or migratory !ishes.
<br />Copeia, 1949: 89-97.
<br />NIKOLSKV, G. V. 1961. Special ichthyology. 2nd Edition. Israel Program !or Scientilic
<br />translations. Jerusalem, Israel (Translated (rom Russian).
<br />NORTHCOTE, T. G. 1967. The relation o! movements and migrations to production in
<br />!reshwater !ishes. Pp. 315-34.'>. In: The biological basis o! freshwater !ish production (S.
<br />D. Gerkins. ed.). Blackwell Scielllihc Publications. Ox!ord, England.
<br />REID, C. E. 1971. LiCe hislOry o! the nonhern squawhsh Ptychocheilus oregonensis
<br />(Richardson) in the St. Joe River, Idaho. M.S. Thesis, University o! Idaho, Moscow,
<br />Idaho.
<br />SHTHALER, K. 1978. LiCe history o! the Colorado Squaw!ish (Ptychocheilus lucius) in the
<br />Upper Colorado River Basin. M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan. Utah.
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