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<br />varied. Physical devices have been more effective than <br />frightening devices, but most effective are combinations of <br />devices. Costs of avian predator control estimated by managers <br />are varied. <br /> <br />4 <br /> <br />Predator control is not a goal but a means to an end. <br />Decisions related to the application of control measures should <br />not be made independent of resource decisions or considerations <br />of the laws, costs, or hazards of such measures. Better data of <br />all sorts are needed to make these decisions. <br /> <br />13 <br />