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<br />. .. .. .
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<br />Rinne, J, N. 1982. Movement, home range, and growth ofa rare southwestern trout in '"T'
<br />and unimproved habitats, North Am, J, Fish, Managmt 2: 150-157,
<br />Smith, G, R. 1978, Biogeography of intermountain fishes, Gt Basin Nat.Mem, 2: 17.1:
<br />Smith, G, R., R, R, Miller & W. D, Sable 1979, Species relationships among fishes of the r
<br />Gila in the upper Colorado River drainage, In R, A, Linn (ed,), Proc, First Confn" ,
<br />Scientific Research in the National Parks, ), National Parks Service Trans, Ser. 5, [' ,
<br />Interior, Washington, D,C.: 613-{)23,
<br />Stanford, J, A. & J, V, Ward 1983, Effects of mainstream dams on the physicochemiq" '
<br />Gunnison River, Colorado, In V, D. Adams & V, A, Lamarra (eds), Aquatic Resource' ','
<br />agement of the Colorado River Ecosystem, ,Ann Arbor Scientific Publishers, MichJ~"n ,
<br />Stanford, J. A. & ), V. Ward 1984. The effects of regulation on the limnology of th,' (",,"
<br />River: A North American case history. In A. LiIlehammer & S, ), Saltveit (cds), Rrf
<br />Rivers, Univ. Oslo Press: 467,-480.
<br />Stanford, ). A. &), V, Ward 1986a, The Colorado River system, This volume,
<br />Stanford, ), A. & J. V, Ward 1986b, Reservoirs of the Colorado system, This volume
<br />Sykes, G, 1937. The Colorado delta. Spec. Pub!. 19, Am, Geog, Soc" N,y', 193 pp,
<br />Tyus, H, M" D, B. Burdick, R, A. Valdez, D. M, Haynes, T, A, Lyete& C. R, Berry")': ,
<br />of the Upper Colorado River Basin: distribution, abundance and status. In C A ( ,
<br />W. H, Miller & H, M. Tyus (eds), Fishes of the Upper Colorado River System: I'r,,"
<br />Future, Am, Fish, Soc., Bethesda, Maryland: 187-230,
<br />Valdez, R. A, & G, H. Clemmer 1982, Life history and prospects for recovery of humr'~',' I
<br />and bony tail chub. In C. A, Carlson, W, H, Miller & H, M. Tyus (eds), Fishes of I~'{ ,
<br />Colorado River System: Present and Future, Am, Fish, Soc" Bethesda, Maryland: ) q .
<br />Valdez, R, A, & E, ). Wick 1983, Natural vs man-made backwaters as native fish h,,'..
<br />V. D. Adams & V. A, Lamarra (eds), Aquatic Resources Management of the ('n)".,,' ,
<br />Ecosystem, Ann Arbor Scientific Publishers, Michigan: 519-536,
<br />Vanicek, C. D, & R, H. Kramer 1969. Life history of the Colorado squawfish Ptychm /:., '.'
<br />and the Colorado chub Gila robusta in the Green River in Dinosaur National ".,.
<br />1964-1966, Trans, am. Fish. Soc, 98: 193-208,
<br />Vanicek, C. D., R, H. Kramer & D, R. Franklin 1970. Distribution of Green River fi,he' " i
<br />and Colorado following closure of Flaming Gorge Dam, Southwest. Nat. 143: 297..:1\ ~
<br />Ward, J. V, & J. A. Stanford 1983, The serial discontinuity concept of lotic ecosystem' Ir
<br />Fontaine &: S. !\1. BZTte!1 (ecs). D.\T~z...:-~j~5 o:L(I~;.- E~C'5Y5:e!!lS_ _~ A.:'"Xtr Scie-::tif..: p:..Io..,
<br />
<br />..~ :;:~;~= .:-=------..;::
<br />
<br />- .::..:-~-.- ~. 5.: _- .-\ S:.=.:::~-:~.: =..:~~. T:::, ~e';''':''~:::~': 5:~=:::'=.3.S 2. :e-st:::g ground forecojogll.'~1 tht'. q
<br />1::\. L::c:.a:::r.:c[.5: 5, J, S",'!\cit Icds!. Rc!:ubtcd RiveTS, l'ni\'. Oslo Press: 23-38,
<br />\\'.lrJ, J. Y.. H. ), Zimrr:crman 6: L. D, Cline 19S6, L'lic zooN-mhos ofthe Colorado system ,,,,
<br />
<br />\ 1....::::l1~.
<br />
<br />, ::0'\, tz \\' ,Ii:.!:' F, ~:C:=-c~ : ~~':' 5:2,::':=; _-~ ,'":, :J :~.'::: = :.'c~ L':::~e:':c :ailwater of the Grcr~
<br />?...:'.==- T:-.:..=~, ~~ f:~::. ~'.:. >_~: >:~:-~
<br />\ <2r:Ji, ), E, 19~8. Tawnomic status of Rhinichythys osculus (Cyprinidae) in the Moapa Ri\~r.
<br />Nevada. Southwest. Nat. 23: 511-518,
<br />Villiams, J, E. & G, R. Wilde 198 I. Taxonomic status and morphology of isolated populations "I
<br />the White River springfish, Crenichlhys baileyi (Cyprinodontidae), Southwe~t. Nat. 25: 485-5()1
<br />
<br />02
<br />
<br />,~~,
<br />
<br />... ('ltic zoobenthos of the Colorado system
<br />
<br />J V. Ward, H. J. Zimmermann & L. D. Cline
<br />
<br />ht.">(fu(linn
<br />
<br />. ',: ( pJ"rado River System provides a diverse array of habitats for lotic
<br />, . .....n!!H''i. rcflecting the extreme ranges of climate, vegetation, and geology
<br />~ '., [hI: hasin (Stanford & Ward 1986), Running-water habitats vary from
<br />. ! .k.lr. forcsted 'headwater reaches traversing crystalline bedrock at high
<br />.,' J!/o'!I". to warm, sluggish, silt- and salt-laden river reaches in desert areas
<br />".' J' \('.1 k\cl. However, clear, cold reaches occur in desert regions in tailwaters
<br />..... tll~h Jams, and low-altitude headwaters may be warm and saline with low
<br />f ~h'n" and fine substrata.
<br />Hm c:haptcr is a first attempt to provide an ecological perspective of the
<br />~!hll: rnacroinvertebrates of the Colorado system. Few papers in scientific
<br />,'~rnal'i have dealt specifically with lotic zoo benthos, especially of the Lower
<br />Ihim. although some data exist in reports of government agencies and con-
<br />\'Jl1ang firms. Information for the Lower Basin, frequently based on pre- or
<br />f".'t-impoundment studies, is primarily in technical reports or mimeographed
<br />materials; such sources are only selectively drawn upon here. Most data for the
<br />l'pper Basin are from studies in the laboratory of the senior author.
<br />The chapter is in three sections. The first reviews data on zoobenthos at
<br />se\cral mainstem locations (i.e. Colorado Ri\er proper\. from a headwater site
<br />In the R0C\;:Y ~\01..::,,'.:O:':15 \ C 0:0'::0;:'0 i :0 :',.~ JD-,-"~r re:o;::--,eo i A:-'~zor.a). T::e "eccr:d
<br />describes the communities at selected tributary sites, from headwater to riverine
<br />habitats. The third section concerns the influence of impoundment on down-
<br />stream benthic communities. No attempt is made to assess other anthropogenic
<br />changes such as mining, grazing or organic pollution, and only limited data on
<br />environmental conditions are presented (see Stanford & Ward 1986).
<br />Sample locations (Fig. I) have been grouped into three categories according
<br />to the terminology of lIlies & Botosaneanu (1963). This provides a general idea
<br />of the char<;\cter of the running water habitat: the crenon and upper rhithron
<br />include spring sources, springbrooks and other headwater streams (cf. stream
<br />
<br />The Ecology of River Systems, edited by B, R. Davies & K. F, Walker
<br />:0 1986, Dr W, Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
<br />
<br />403
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