|
<br />f ..~ .
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />.JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM1FALL 1994" VOL.14, NO.3
<br />
<br />ing in untreated areas. The birds were able
<br />to find other food, so that nesting success
<br />was not significantly impacted.78 In New
<br />Hampshire, when B.t.-treatment reduced
<br />caterpillar abundance, black-throated blue
<br />warblers made fewer nesting attempts and
<br />also brought fewer caterpillars to their nest-
<br />lings.79 A Canadian study found that num-
<br />bers of caterpillars, followed by numbers of
<br />two species of warblers and a thrush, were
<br />reduced by B.t. treatment. In addition, there
<br />were fewer spruce grouse chicks in B.t.
<br />treated areas, and the chicks in those areas
<br />grew more slowly than chicks in untreated
<br />areas.80
<br />There is also some evidence tllat B.t.
<br />can be directly toxic to birds. A study of
<br />the effects of application of Dipel to ring-
<br />neck pheasant eggs found that hatching was
<br />only half as successful as hatching of un-
<br />treated eggs. Because the Dipel was applied
<br />with a spreader-sti~ compound (Plyac)
<br />the decrease in hatching may be a result of
<br />the Plyac and not the B.L product. 81
<br />Other animals: Because shrews often
<br />feed on caterp~, impacts from B.t. treat-
<br />ments are likely. A study in northern
<br />Ontario (Canada) found that treatment with
<br />Dipel changed the structure of the shrew
<br />population. Adult males emigrated, so that
<br />the proportion of juveniles increased. The
<br />juveniles and adult females who did not
<br />emigrate shifted from a diet of caterpillars
<br />to alternative prey.82
<br />Foray 48B at high concentrations (about
<br />3 percent) is acutely toxic to rainbow trout,
<br />probably because the product is highly
<br />acidic.83
<br />B.t.i. treatments can also affect other
<br />animals. Low concentrations of B.t.i. en-
<br />dotoxins decrease the weight of tadpoles and
<br />delay their metamorphosis.84 The B.t.i.
<br />formulation Vectobac is acutely toxic to
<br />fathead minnows, probably because "inerrs"
<br />in the produa deplete the dissolved oxygen
<br />in water.8S The B.t.i. formulation Teknar
<br />was acucely toxic to brook trout fry, prob-
<br />ably because of xylene used as an "inen" in
<br />the product.86
<br />Comparison with synthetic insecticides:
<br />Where comparative studies have been done,
<br />the ecological impacts of a B.t. treatment
<br />are almost always less than those of syn-
<br />
<br />Figure 5
<br />Effect of B.t. Treatment on the
<br />Number of Oak.feeding Moths
<br />near Elmira, Oregon
<br />
<br />. treated
<br />
<br />o untreated
<br />
<br />1992. The mode of action of Bacillus thuringlen-
<br />sls endotoxins. Ann. Rev. Ent.37:615-636.
<br />10. U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticide Programs. 1990.
<br />Pesticide Fact Sheet: Bacillus thurlnglensls.
<br />Washington, DC. (December.)
<br />11. Novo Nordlsk. Enzyme Toxicology Lab. 1990.
<br />Bacillus thuringlensis var. kurstakt. Acute oraltox-
<br />icity/pathogenicity stuc/y In rats given B.l.k. tox
<br />batch PPQ 2843 (NB 75). Danbury, CT: (July
<br />20.) .
<br />12. Berg, N.. E.W. Sorensen and J.M. Overholt. 1991.
<br />Summary of acute toxicology in support of for-
<br />mula amendment of Foray 48B. Danbury, CT:
<br />Novo Nordisk. (May 21.)
<br />13. U.S. EPA.Office of Pesticide Programs. 1994.
<br />Tox one-liners. Bacillus thuringlensls Berliner.
<br />Washington. D.C. (August 1.)
<br />14. Oshodi, R.O. and R. Macnaughlan. 1990. B.t.k.
<br />preparation: Acute Inhalation toxicity Sluc/y in rats.
<br />Volume 6. Danbury. CT: Novo Nordlsk. (April 20.)
<br />15. Berg, N. 1990. Bacillus thuringlensls var. kurstalci,
<br />batch BBB 0073: Acute intravenous toxicity/patho-
<br />gllnlcity study in {!Its. Volume 7. Danbury, CT:
<br />Novo Nordisk. (June 19.)
<br />16. Novo Nordisk. Enzyme Toxicology Lab. 1990.
<br />Acute dennal toxicity stuc/y in rabbits wilh lhe
<br />end product Foray 48B, batch BBN 6057.
<br />Danbury. CT. (December 12.)
<br />Siegel, J.P. and J.A. Shadduck. 1988. Mamma-
<br />lian safety of Bacillus thuringlensis Israelensls. In
<br />de Barjac, H. and D.J. Sutherland. (ed) Bacterial
<br />control of mosquitoes & black flies: Biochemislry,
<br />genetics & applications of Bacillus thuringlensls
<br />Israelensls and Bacil/us sphaerlcus. New
<br />Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press.
<br />18. Siegel, J.P. and J.A. Shadduck. 1990. Clearance
<br />of Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringlensls
<br />ssp. Israelensis from mammals. J. Econ. Ent.
<br />83(2):347-355.
<br />Thomas, W.E. and D.J.Ellar. 1983. Bacillus
<br />thuringlensls var. Israelensis crystal delta-endol-
<br />oxin: Effects on insect and mammalian cells In
<br />vitro and in vivo. J. Cell Sci. 60: 181-197.
<br />20. Ware, G.W. 1983. Pesticides: Theory and appli-
<br />cation. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.
<br />21. Samples, J.R. and H. Buettner. 1983. Ocular In-
<br />fection causad by a biological insecticide. J. In-
<br />fectious Dis. 148(3):614.
<br />22. Green, M., et at 1990. Public health implications
<br />of the microbial peslicide Bacillus thuringlensls.
<br />An epidemiological Sluc/y, Oregon, 1985-86. Amer.
<br />J. Public Health. 80(7):848-852.
<br />23. Noble, M.A., P.O. Riben and G.J. Cook. 1992.
<br />Microbiological and epidemiological surveillance
<br />program to monitor the health effects 01 Foray
<br />48B BTK spray. (September 30.) Vancouver, B.C.:
<br />Ministry of Forests. Frov:nce of British Columbia.
<br />24. Edamura, A., MO. 1992. Affidavit of the Federal
<br />Court of Canada, Trial Division. Dale Edwards
<br />and Citizens Against Aerial Spraying vs. Her Maj-
<br />esty the Queen, Represented by the Minister of
<br />Agriculture. (May 6.)
<br />25. Cameron, D.A., MD. 1992. Leller to Dr. F.J.
<br />Blalherwick, Vancouver Medical Health Officer.
<br />(March 17.)
<br />26. Washington State Department of Health. 1993.
<br />Report of health surveillance aclivities: Asian
<br />gypsy moth control program. Olympia, WA.
<br />(March.)
<br />27. Meretoja, T. et at 1977. Mutagenicity of Bacillus
<br />thurlnglensls exotoxin. I. Mammalian lesls.
<br />Heredllus 85:105-112.
<br />28. Drobniewski, FA 1994. A Review: The safety of
<br />Bacillus species as insect vector conlrol agents.
<br />J. Appl. Bacteriol. 76:101-109.
<br />29. Bennett, R.W. and S.M. Harmon. 1990. Bacillus
<br />cereus Food Poisoning. Chapter 8. In Balows, A.
<br />et at (ads.). Laboratory diagnosis of Infectious
<br />diseases: Principles and practice. Volume 1: Bac-
<br />
<br />.17.
<br />
<br />NORTHWEST COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES1NCAP
<br />P. O. BOX 1 393, E U G ENE, 0 REG 0 N 97440 / (503) 344 - 5 0 4 4
<br />
<br />30
<br />
<br />25
<br />
<br />c
<br />Q)
<br />Ul
<br />li 20
<br />Ul
<br />Q)
<br />u
<br />8. 15
<br />Ul
<br />'0
<br />..
<br />1l 10
<br />E
<br />:3
<br />Z
<br />
<br />5
<br />
<br />
<br />o
<br />
<br />1986 - 1986".
<br />prespray postspray
<br />
<br />Source: Miller, J.C. 1990. Field assessment of a
<br />microbial pest control agent on nontarget .
<br />Lepidoptera. Arner. Entomol. (Summer):135-139.
<br />
<br />1987.
<br />
<br />1988
<br />
<br />B.t. applications to kill gypsy moths in Oregon
<br />caused a three-year decrease in the number of 19.
<br />oak-feeding moth species. .
<br />
<br />thetic insecticides. For example, B.t. treat-
<br />ment of collards caused less of an increase
<br />in aphid numbers than did treacinent with
<br />carbaryl, which killed many aphid preda-
<br />tors.64 Vectobac was much less acutely toxic
<br />to an estuary fish than other mosquito in-
<br />secticides including temephos, fenoxycarb,
<br />diflubenzuron, and memoprene.87 ...
<br />
<br />References
<br />
<br />1. De Barjac, H. and E. Frachon. 1990. Classifica-
<br />tion of Bacillus thurlnglensls strains.
<br />Entomophaga. 35(2):233-240.
<br />2. EUis, A. 1991. BTK. Unpublished report Winnipeg,
<br />MB, Canada: Prairie Pest Management. (January.)
<br />3. Lambert. B. and M. Peferoen. 1992. Insecticidal
<br />promise of Bacillus thuringiensls. BioScience
<br />42(2):112-122.
<br />4. Jenkins, J. 1992. Environmental Toxicology and
<br />Chemistry Memo. Subject: B.t. Corvallis, OR: Or-
<br />egon State University Extension Service.
<br />5. Feitelson, J.S., J. Payne and L. Kim. 1992. Bacil-
<br />lus thuringlensis. Insects and beyond. Blofrech-
<br />nology 10:271-275. (March.)
<br />6. Farm Chemicals Handbook. 1992. Willoughby,
<br />OH: Meister Publishing Company. .
<br />7. Entwistle, P.F., et at (ads.) 1993. Bacillus thuring-
<br />lensls, An environmental biopesticide: Theory and
<br />practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
<br />8. British Columbia Ministry of Heallh. 1992. Bacil-
<br />lus thuringiensis. Unpublished report (December 3.)
<br />9. Gill, S.S.. E.A. Cowles and P.V. Pietrantonio.
<br />
<br />19
<br />
|