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<br /> <br />408 <br /> <br />J, A. STANFORD ET AL. <br /> <br />Adaptive ecosystem management (Lee and Lawrence, 1986) is a useful process for solving the catchment- <br />scale problems discussed herein. We agree with Stanford and Poole (1996) who advocate an iterative, step- <br />wise approach that involves synthesis of available information in an ecosystem context to define the pro- <br />blem, public participation in goal setting (e.g. protection and restoration of native biodiversity), research <br />and peer review to define science-based management actions (e.g., reregulation), effective monitoring and <br />evaluation of management actions and adaptive revision of actions based on new information from scientific <br />research. <br /> <br />CONCLUSIONS <br /> <br />Reregulation of large river systems from headwaters to mouth for the purpose of restoring and reconnecting <br />hot spots of native biodiversity and bioproduction has not been accomplished anywhere to date, Our pro- <br />tocol should be viewed as an hypothesis in need of an experimental catchment. Many candidate rivers exist. <br />We recognize that this analysis has not adequately considered the economic and social ramifications of our <br />protocol. A fundamental problem is that the metrics for linking natural and cultural elements of ecosystems <br />remain elusive. Perhaps that shortcoming can be solved through multidisciplinary examination of large river <br />ecosystems using adaptive management. However, the reality is that sustainability of natural attributes of <br />large river ecosystems is vastly compromised by regulation. Site-specific mitigation activities that ignore <br />the biophysical continuum hold little promise and can be very costly when continued without evaluation <br />year after year, The logical alternative is to try restoring biophysical connectivity of an entire regulated river <br />ecosystem using the protocol proposed herein and adapted to the specifics of the selected ri ver. Restoration <br />of some large portion of lost capacity to sustain native biodiversity and bioproduction seems possible, espe- <br />cially in large rivers with a substantial portion of the continuum remaining in a free-flowing state, The cost <br />may be less than expected because the river can do the most of the work, <br /> <br />ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS <br /> <br />Financial support for this paper was provided in part by the Northwest Power Planning Council, Portland, <br />Oregon, USA, and National Science Foundation grant number OSR-955450 but no endorsement of the <br />paper was made or implied. We thank Geoffrey C. Poole for help with graphics and three anonymous <br />reviewers for their constructive comments, Charles C. Coutant is with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, <br />which is managed by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation, under contract DE-AC05- <br />960R22464 with the U,S. Department of Energy, <br /> <br />REFERENCES <br /> <br />Amoros, c., A. 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