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Last modified
7/14/2009 5:01:46 PM
Creation date
5/20/2009 11:04:50 AM
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UCREFRP
UCREFRP Catalog Number
8015
Author
Poff, N. L., J. D. Allan, M. B. Bain, J. Karr, R., K. L. Prestegaard, B. D. Richter, R. E. Sparks and J. C. Stromberg
Title
The Natural Flow Regime, A paradigm for river conservation and restoration
USFW Year
1997
USFW - Doc Type
BioScience
Copyright Material
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Table 2. Ecological responses to alterations in components of natural flow regime.' <br />Flow component Specific alteration Ecological response Reference(s) <br />Magnitude and Increased variation Wash-out and/or stranding Cushman 1985, Petts 1984 <br />frequency Loss of sensitive species Gehrke et al. 1995, Kingsolving <br /> and Bain 1993, Travnichek et <br /> al. 1995 <br /> Increased algal scour and wash-out of Petts 1984 <br /> organic matter <br /> Life cycle disruption Scheidegger and Bain 1995 <br /> Altered energy flow Valentin et al. 1995 <br /> Flow stabilization invasion or establishment of exotic species, <br /> leading to: <br /> Local extinction Kupferberg 1996, Meffe 1984 <br /> Threat to native commercial species Stanford et al. 1996 <br /> Altered communities Busch and Smith 1995, Moyle <br /> 1986, Ward and Stanford 1979 <br /> Reduced water and nutrients to floodplain <br /> plant species, causing: <br /> Seedling desiccation Duncan 1993 <br /> Ineffective seed dispersal Nilsson 1982 <br /> Loss of scoured habitat patches and second- Fenner et al. 1985, Rood et al. <br /> ary channels needed for plant establishment 1995, Scott et al. 1997, <br /> Shankman and Drake 1990 <br /> Encroachment of vegetation into channels Johnson 1994, Nilsson 1982 <br />Timing Loss of seasonal flow peaks Disrupt cues for fish: <br /> Spawning Fausch and Bestgen 1997, <br /> Montgomery et al. 1993, Nesler <br /> et al. 1988 <br /> Egg hatching Nxsje et al. 1995 <br /> Migration Williams 1996 <br /> Loss of fish access to wetlands or backwaters junk et al. 1989, Sparks 1995 <br /> Modification of aquatic food web structure Power 1992, Wootton et al. 1996 <br /> Reduction or elimination of riparian plant Fenner et al. 1985 <br /> recruitment <br />Invasion of exotic riparian species <br />Horton 1977 <br /> Reduced plant growth rates Reily and Johnson 1982 <br />Duration <br />Rate of change <br />Prolonged low flows Concentration of aquatic organisms Cushman 1985, Petts 1984 <br /> Reduction or elimination of plant cover Taylor 1982 <br /> Diminished plant species diversity Taylor 1982 <br /> Desertification of riparian species Busch and Smith 1995, Stromberg <br /> composition <br />Physiological stress leading to reduced plant et al. 1996 <br />Kondolf and Curry 1986, Perkins et <br /> growth rate, morphological change, al. 1984, Reily and Johnson 1982, <br /> or mortality Rood et al. 1995, Stromberg et al. <br /> 1992 <br />Prolonged baseflow "spikes" Downstream loss of floating eggs Robertson 1997 <br />Altered inundation duration Altered plant cover types Auble et al. 1994 <br />Prolonged inundation Change in vegetation functional type Bren 1992, Connor et al. 1981 <br /> Tree mortality Harms et al. 1980 <br /> Loss of riffle habitat for aquatic species Bogan 1993 <br />Rapid changes in river stage Wash-out and stranding of aquatic species Cushman 1985, Petts 1984 <br />Accelerated flood recession Failure of seedling establishment Rood et al. 1995 <br />'Only representative studies are listed here. Additional references are located on the Web at http://Iamar.colostate.edu/-poff/natflow.htmi. <br />ability of floodplain habitats (Wel- <br />comme 1979). The match of reproduc- <br />tive period and wetland access also <br />explains some of the yearly variation <br />in stream fish community composition <br />(Finger and Stewart 1987). <br />Many riparian plants also have <br />life cycles that are adapted to the <br />seasonal timing components of natu- <br />ral flow regimes through their "emer- <br />gence phenologies"-the seasonal <br />sequence of flowering, seed dispersal, <br />germination, and seedling growth. <br />The interaction of emergence phe- <br />nologies with temporally varying <br />environmental stress from flooding <br />or drought helps to maintain high <br />species diversity in, for example, <br />southern floodplain forests (Streng <br />et al. 1989). Productivity of riparian <br />forests is also influenced by flow <br />timing and can increase when short- <br />duration flooding occurs in the grow- <br />ing season (Mitsch and Rust 1984, <br />Molles et al. 1995). <br />The rate of change, or flashiness, <br />in flow conditions can influence spe- <br />776 BioScience Vol. 47 No. 11
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