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- Federal subsidies and grants-in-aid have been reduced and enhanced cost-sharing requirements have been adopted. In the last decade federal and state subsidies and grants in aid for flood control and recreational land acquisition have been dramatically reduced; Congress has approved very few projects. In addition, state or local cost-sharing requirements have been increased. These changes combined with tight budgets and fiscal restraints at state and local levels have required (1) increased use of low budget approaches to river and river corridor management which combine flood loss reduction, recreation, water quality treatment, etc. and (2) efforts to appeal to a broader range of constituencies in communities. - Traditional approaches for addressing flood loss reduction, water quality treatment, and recreation have, in some instances, failed to meet intended goals. In addition to high cost, engineering solutions have often been only partly successful in achieving their desired goals and, in some instances, subject to hidden costs and problems. For example, efforts to clean up the rivers and streams of the U.S. have improved the quality of waters for recreation and water supply purposes, but fisheries have not, in general, returned to former conditions. Nationally, reser- voirs are subject to high rates of sedimentation and many are quickly losing their storage capability. Various hardened channels designed to accommodate high velocity "supercritical" flood flows have proven to be vulnerable to erosion. In urbanizing watersheds, peak flood flows for intermediate-level floods have typically increased 2-8 times over those occurring naturally (National Science Foundation 1980). Part of the problem with pure engineering approaches has been a failure to adequately consider the natural erosion and meander forces of river systems. Sediment regimes have often been ignored or only superficially considered despite their critical importance in determining channel and bed configuration as well as the erosive force of water. This has resulted in both downstream erosion and sediment deprivation for delta sys- tems, such as the Mississippi delta, with resulting loss of wetlands. (Gagliano, this volume). The natural pollution control and water quality protection and restoration capabilities of streambank vegetation and wetlands have been ignored with resulting degradation of water quality. Flood storage capabilities of riverine wetlands and the adjacent floodplain have usually not been considered in engineering calculations. The importance of river fish habitat has not been adequately considered, resulting in gradual destruction of river fisheries (Lambou, this volume). - Attention has shifted from simply prevention of future problems to restoration of degraded river and river corridor areas. A broad range of instream restoration, wetland restoration, bank restoration, and upper floodplain urban renewal efforts have been undertaken in the last decade or are underway or proposed (California Department of Natural Resources 1988; Kusler and Kentula 1990; Riley, in press). Cities and landowners are often no longer willing to accept degraded waterfront or wetland conditions. - Broadscale river basin planning has diminished while community-based and parcel-based planning for river and river corridor areas have increased. In the 1980's with the demise of the River Basin Commissions, much basin-wide river and river corridor planning disappeared (Kusler 1985). However, local, more specific, planning and regu- latory efforts increased (NPS 1989; Riley, in press). These local efforts have permitted innovative funding from a wide variety of sources. - The information base with regard to rivers and adjacent lands has been greatly improved. This improved data base facilitates detailed assess- ment, modeling, and implementation efforts. In the last twenty years, flood maps have been prepared by FEMA and other agencies for over 21,000 communities. Many states and communities such as Maryland have supplemented federal flood maps with their own even more detailed mapping efforts. In the last decade, federal wetland maps have been prepared for most riverine areas by the National Wetland Inventory or by states or communities. Rare and endangered species habitat has been identified by the Fish and Wildlife Service and state conservation programs. Areas of natural diversity and special scientific interest have been identified and mapped by state Natural Heritage Programs and private efforts such as those of The Nature Conservancy. Many states have carried out river inventories which identify a variety of special values and attributes of river areas (Eugster, this volume; Morrison, this volume). Detailed soils maps have been prepared for many areas. Orthophotos are now available for most of the nation and the federal agencies have implemented a systematic high level air photo program with a schedule for periodic resurvey of the nation as a whole. - Technological advances in science and engineering have been made and scientific under- standing of natural system values and nonstruc- tural approaches has increased. In the last decade, significant advances in knowledge have been made with regard to a broad range of assessment methods, modeling and planning approaches, and implementation techniques for floodplains, wetlands, and fisheries. (See papers in Chapters 9 and 10 of this volume.) These include flood and stormwater analysis, wetland analysis, wetland restoration and creation, instream flow analysis, alternative "hard" and "soft" engineering designs to achieve particular flow levels, nonstructural flood loss reduction techniques (e.g., warning systems, flood- proofing), and bioengineering techniques for bank stabilization, and park design. Today the planner or engineer wishing to achieve multiobjective goals in river and river corridor management has a much broader range of techniques available than ever before. Much of the "how" with regard to multiobjective river corridor management is now available although this information has not, in some instances, been broadly disseminated. - New implementation approaches have been develo to facilitate implementation of multi- objective river corridor management. In the last decade, local governments and states have 12