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Stream program (California Dept. of Water Resources 1988). Small grants are provided to many local governments. A number of states including Maine, New York, Vermont, Maryland, and South Carolina have underway or have completed statewide river inventories (NPS 1989; Eugster, this volume; Morrison, this volume). Special planning efforts have been completed for individual rivers (e.g., the Severn in Maryland) (Davison, this volume). Local Initiatives Multiobjective management of river corridors has become an important objective in local governments throughout the nation. Perhaps the most interesting and innovative multiobjective management efforts and the ones offering the most important insights into problem-solving approaches are to be found in the cities and urbanizing areas. (Coyle, this volume; Thurow et al. 1975; Riley, in press; Aurelia, this volume; Kusler 1982; National Park Service, in press). Larger and mid-sized cities have undertaken hundreds of multiobjective river corridor management programs for segments of specific rivers. It is estimated that more than 500 greenway efforts now exist across the nation. These include a broad range of creative planning and plan implementation efforts for rivers and adjacent lands undertaken in cities as diverse as Denver, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Minneapolis, Chicago, Dallas, Austin, Sacramento, and Boston. Local efforts include a broad range of greenway programs. Many of these efforts have been characterized as "greenways" because they result in at least partially open linear corridor areas with a fair amount of grass and trees. But the goal has often not been grass and trees in themselves but rather flood conveyance, flood storage, erosion loss reduction, recreation, water quality protection, etc. These goals are often best and most economically served by such open- space, vegetated areas. The application of the term "greenway" to these areas does not imply uniformity in approach and product. Many involve urban renewal and the restoration of historic buildings for riverfront commercial or residential use. Many involve parks, golf courses, bike paths, walking paths, etc., which, while green, are not "natural". Many involve some measure of stream engineering including bank stabilization, although restoration of all or a portion of the bank channel and wetlands is also common. But most share multiobjective goals and a variety of other common denominators such as strong citizen involvement, innovative financing, and innovative designs. RIVERINE WETLANDS AND RIPARIAN HABITATS Location and Description Protection and, in some instances, restoration of riverine wetlands and riparian habitats has become a major component of most federal, state, and local multiobjective river management programs Riverine wetlands are located in four principal locations along river/stream corridors: In low gradient headwater areas. Marsh, shrub, and forested wetlands are located in such areas. These wetlands are usually low energy and do not have active sediment regimes. Along the margins of rivers and stream channels. The wetlands along the margins of streams and in channels are usually quite narrow and linear in shape. However, relatively large wetlands lie within broader channel areas in some southern river swamps. Most of these wetlands lie within "floodway" areas. Most of these wetlands are marshes. These are highly dynamic systems because of the active water aPd sediment supply. On floodplains. Most riverine wetlands are located on broader floodplains, often behind natural levees formed by deposition of sediment during floods. wetlands here are also located in oxbows or other depressions in the floodplain or in groundwater discharge areas on the floodplain. These floodplain wetlands include the extensive "bottomland hardwoods" of the Mississippi. They include marsh, shrub, and forested wetlands. In estuary and delta areas. Large estuarine wetland complexes are located alongside channels, in floodplains, and behind barrier islands in estuaries in the lower reaches of many river systems. These wetlands are subject not only to fluctuations in river water level but tidal action. Many of these wetlands are marshes. They are highly dynamic systems with active sediment (often deposi- tional) and hydrologic regimes. Much of the floodplain along the major river systems in the south, east and part of the midwest is wet enough to meet federal "wetland" definition criteria. However, other vegetated floodplain systems in part of the midwest, the west, and the southwest do not meet strict wetland definition criteria although these lands play hydrological and ecological roles similar to their "wetland" counterparts. These areas are often referred to as "riparian habitats" and have been the subject of a number of national symposia (Johnson 1985). The Functions and Values of Riverine Wetlands Riverine wetlands and, in some instances, "riparian habitats" serve the full range of wet- land functions outlined in the literature and in the papers which follow in this proceedings. However, some functions are particularly important in a riverine context: Flood storage. Riverine wetlands play important flood storage roles, particularly where the wetlands are quite large and occupy floodplains upstream to 7