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Meeting Water Demand Without Gunnison Water Clothes washers comprise the second largest indoor water use. New horizon- tal axis machines are now available that use 509/o less energy and 30-50% less water than traditional models.16' Offering rebates toward the purchase of these machines could also have significant impact on the build-out demands of the Front Range. Showerhead replacement programs also have reaped great savings in Seattle and else- where.1 ' An EPA and Seattle-funded study showed that replacing conventional toilets and washing machines in residences with water-efficient versions would reduce per capita indoor household water use by 37% at low costs."' In the Denver Metro area, a 37% reduction in indoor residential water use would reduce indoor water use by between 50,000 and 100,000 in 2030. d. Incentives to Save Water There are many incentives that can encourage urban water users to conserve water, whether outdoors or indoors. They fall into four broad categories: (1) Water rate structures that communicate the costs that an urban water provider can avoid if water is conserved. The most common rate structure of this nature is inverted rates, in which water users pay more per unit of water as their demands increase. (2) Rebates from water providers to encourage water users to enhance their water use efficiency. Examples include cash payments by water providers: to help customers buy down the cost of water-efficient appliances like dishwashers and washing machines; to replace bluegrass turf with lower water-using plants; and to encourage customers to replace older, higher water-using toilets in buildings existing before 1992 with more efficient toilets. (3) Rules/Ordinances that require that customers alter their behavior, such as by watering only during certain hours. (4) Public education, such as through bill inserts, model xeriscape gardens and public service announcements. If all Metro area water providers were already implementing these incentives and still forecast a demand of 877,000 AFA in 2045, it would be reasonable to con- tend that there is not much more water that can be saved in the metro area beyond what is already assumed in long-run water demand forecasts. But it is clear that we have only just begun to encourage residential users to conserve water in the metro area. The Land and Water Fund will soon finish a study of water use efficiency by water providers across the southwest. Cities under review include several water providers on Colorado's Front Range. We have reviewed the Water Conservation Act of 1991 and what it tells us about how serious the State is about promoting water use efficiency. On the basis of what we know so far, Colorado's attention to urban water - 40 - The Land and Water Fund of the Rockies