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dissolved oxygen (D.O.), pH, and salinity (thrive in unstable environments). Avoid areas that are continuously clear or cool; uncommon or absent in clear, high-gradient streams [Baxter and Simon 1970; Minckley 1973; Cross and Collins 1975; Pflieger 1975; Moyle 1976; Matthews and Hill 1979b; Smith 1979; Lee et al. 1980; Phillips et al. 1982; Tyus et al. 1982; Becker 1983; Gale 1986; Robison and Buchanan 1988; Rutledge and Beitinger 1989; Haines and Tyus 1990; Sublette et al. 1990]. Examples of Environmental Factors Affecting Distribution or Abundance: ¦ Considered a pioneer species, moving into new, disturbed, or marginal habitats where other fishes are rare [Harlan et al. 1987]. ¦ In waters of the San Joaquin Valley, California, abundance of red shiner was positively correlated with turbidity, pH, conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, percentage of runs, and human impacts, and negatively correlated with maximum stream depth and width [Jennings and Saiki 19901. ¦ In the South Canadian River and Pond Creek, Oklahoma, water temperature, velocity, and depth were the most important variables in habitat selection (low-velocity water deeper than 20 cm with pH 7.1-7.4 was consistently selected; avoided temperature extremes in winter and summer but adaptable to wide thermal variations). D.O., turbidity, shelter, shade, and substrate type were lesser in importance [Matthews and Hill 1979b]. ¦ In the South Canadian River, compared to adults, juveniles selected higher temperatures, higher D-.O. concentrations, higher pH, lower total dissolved solids, lower turbidity, and more stable substrates. Compared to juveniles, adults occupied deeper water and locations with more shelter and shade. Both life-period groups selected the slowest water velocities available [Matthews and Hill 1979x] . ¦ In a survey of 101 stream locations within a major portion of the red shiner's native range, most abundant in streams with few other fishes, turbid water, muddy substrates, and unstable banks. Most often uncommon or absent in areas with high numbers of other fishes, clear water, abundant algae, rocky substrates, and stable banks [Matthews 1985]. Depauperate native fish fauna of western United States may give red shiner a competitive advantage [Rinne 1991]. 35