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Contents Summary........................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Introduction.......................... ......................................................................................... 1 Authorization for Report.... ................ ............ ...................... ........ .......... .................................. 1 Legal Aspects ......................................................................................................................... 2 Water Quanity .... ........ ...... .... .... ............ ....................................... .......................... .......... 2 Water Quality.... ........ ........ ............ ........ ................ .................... ............................ .......... 2 Chapter 2. Description of Basin.......... ...... .......... ...................................... ................................ ...... 5 Climate ......................................................................................................................... 5 Hydrology ......................................................................................................................... 5 Reservoir Storage..................................................................................................................... 6 Geology And Soils..................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 3. Colorado River Water Quality Assessment ................................................................. 9 Irrigation Drainage Toxicity Studies............ .......... .................... ................ ............................ 9 Middle Green River Basin, Utah ................................................................................... 10 Lower Colorado and Gila River Valleys ......................................................................... 10 Middle Gunnison River Study............ ................................ ............ .......................... ...... 11 Dolores River Drainage............ .............. ......................................... .......................... ...... 12 Navajo (Upper San Juan River) ..................................................................................... 12 Pine River Study.. .............. ................................................ .... ...... .............................. ...... 12 Main Stem Reservoir Quality.... ............................ ............................ ............................ .......... 12 Chapter 4. Causes and Impacts of Salinity .................................................................................... 15 Causes of Salinity..................................................................................................................... 15 Natural Sources of Salinity............................................ ..................................... ............ 15 Agricultural Sources of Salinity.................... .................... .................. ........................... 15 Municipal and Industrial Sources of Salinity................................................................ 16 Increased Salinity from Water Depletions.................................... ........................ ......... 16 Effects of Water Quality on Water Users ............................................................................... 17 Recreation, Asthetics, and Fisheries ............ .............................. .......................... .......... 17 Economic ...... .... ............ .............................. ...................... ...... .................. .......... ............. 17 Health ......................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 5. Historical Salinity Conditions................................ ........................ .............. ................ 19 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 19 Historical Salinity.................................................................................................................... 19 Factors in Salinity Trends.......... .................... ......................................... ...................... .......... 19 Hydrologic Conditions.. ...... ........................ .............................. ....... ...................... .......... 19 Reservoir Effects.............................................................................................................. 21 Irrigation and Increased Depletions .............................................. ........................ ........ 22 Reduced Flood Plains........ .................. .......................................... .......................... ........ 23 Energy Exploration and Development .............................. ............ ................................. 23 Salinity Control Projects.... ................ ............................ .......... ...... ................................. 24 Erosion ......................................................................................................................... 24 Geochemistry ................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 6. Present and Future Development................................................................................ 27 Upper Basin Depletions........................................................................................................... 27 Arizona ...... ................................................................................................................... 27 Miscellaneous Additional Depletions ................................................ .................... 27 Navajo Powerplant ........ .......................... ........ ................................. ........ .............. 27 Gallup-Navajo Indian Water Supply Project (temporary) ................................... 31 iii