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7 studies contained quantitative results specifically concerning fish interactions such as piscivory, competition, predation, and aggression between and among fish species represented in the lower Colorado River. We did not perform statistical analyses or tabulate any statistical summaries. In the future, meta-analysis may be a useful tool in summarizing the findings of this literature review, minimizing funding needs for impending and possibly futile studies. Meta-analysis is a quantitative method of comparing studies with similar hypotheses, independent of outcomes and generating statistically meaningful results; it is the "analysis of analyses" (Wachter 1988, Wolf 1986). As few as two studies may be used, or as in the meta-analysis that led to conclusive evidence as to aspirin's benefits for heart attack prevention, information from 22,000 U.S. doctors was collected (Mann 1990). Primarily used in social sciences, meta-analysis is beginning to enter into biological sciences (Arngvist and Wooster 1995, Fernandez-Duque and Valeggia 1994). We performed an additional literature search (using the same three major scientific data bases as cited above; approximate time-frame 1980 to present) to generate studies, articles and books concerning the methodology of this analysis, particularly its pros and cons relative to validity (APPENDIX V). RESULTS DATABASE SEARCH OUTCOMES -- There were 95,447 keyword "hits" among our searches, and more than 8500 of these were selected for further examination (APPENDIX II Tables 1, 2 and 3). Biological Abstracts yielded 26,682 hits from which 2514 were selected, Wildlife and Fisheries Review gave 42,485 hits (3151 selected), and Zoological Records produced 26,161 matches (2723 selected). The US FWS web- based site (US Fish and Wildlife Reference Service Database at www.fws.gov) provided 59 hits on native and non-native species names (all selected, APPENDIX II Table 2), and our search of academic works through Comprehensive Dissertation