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Sycamore Creek since 1973. The fourth locality, the Paria River, along the Arizona -Utah
<br />border was stocked several times between 1969 and 1972 with a total of 650 fish. No
<br />woundfm were found during surveys in May 1974 and May 1975 (AGED, unpub. data).
<br />These transplant failures may in part be due to the low numbers and frequency of fish
<br />stocked. To further recovery efforts, a captive population was established in 1988 at Dexter
<br />National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center (Dexter NFHTC), New Mexico, to assist in
<br />research to develop rearing protocols and for propagation studies.
<br />Hickman (1987a) compiled an annotated bibliography for the woundfin which summarized
<br />most available published papers and government reports on this species. Principal taxonomic
<br />works are contained in Cope (1874), Miller -and Hubbs (1960), La Rivers (1962), and Uyeno
<br />and Miller (1973). Distribution and status of woundfin are contained in Cross (1975, 1978,
<br />1985), Hickman (1985, 1986, 1987b, 1988), Deacon (1988), and Hardy et al. (1989). Life
<br />history, reproductive biology, and ecology can be found in Deacon (1977a, 1977b), Deacon
<br />and Hardy (1980, 1984), Gregor and Deacon (1982, 1987}, Heckman et al. (1986, 1987),
<br />and Deacon et al. (1987). The following life history section summarizes current information
<br />concerning the species' habitat, food habits, reproductive biology, and movement based on
<br />this available literature.
<br />Life History
<br />Woundfm adults and juveniles are most often collected from runs and quiet waters adjacent
<br />to riffles. Juveniles use habitats which are generally slower and deeper than those
<br />characteristic of the adults. Woundfm larvae are collected in backwaters or slow water
<br />velocity habitat along the stream margins, often associated with dense growths of filamentous
<br />algae. Woundfm greater than 4.0 cm (1.6 in) total length (TL) are generally captured in
<br />depths between 0.15 m (0.48 ft) and 0.43 m (1.4 ft) in velocities between 0.24 to 0.49 m/s
<br />(0.78 to 1.6 ft/sec) over sand and sand/gravel substrates (Hardy et al. 1989). Field
<br />observations have indicated that if the water clarity is high, adult woundfin tend to
<br />congregate in deeper sections of the river, possibly to minimise exposure to avian predators
<br />(Thomas Hardy, Utah State University, unpub. field notes).
<br />Deacon et al. (1987) reported the preferred water temperature for adults was approximately
<br />18°C (64°F), indicating the species is eurythermal. As water temperatures approach 30°C
<br />(86°F), woundfm leave shallow water areas and congregate in the deeper, cooler portions of
<br />streams (USFWS 1994).
<br />Woundfm are omnivorous and shift their food habits in response to changing food
<br />availability. Food items found in woundfin stomachs include: filamentous algae, detrital
<br />material, tamarisk seeds, insects (i.e., ephemeroptera, dipteran adults, chironomid larvae,
<br />ceratopogonids, and simuliids) (Cross 1975, Winget and Baumann 1977, Lockhart 1979,
<br />Greger and Deacon 1988). Greger and Deacon (1988) suggested that seasonal shifts in food
<br />selectivity correspond to shifts in foraging habitats. They also documented dietary
<br />differences between woundfin populations in disturbed versus undisturbed segments of the
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