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RECOMMENDATIONS A means needs to be established for annually summarizing and updating supplementation efforts by geographic area.. Many supplementation projects are underway or planned throughout the northwest. Since supplementation projects normally span a number of years, it is important to update- our information base annually. A state-by-state annual summary based on the format of the New England Atlantic salmon program annual reports is suggested, 2. A means of identifying hatchery salmon from wild/natural salmon needs to be instituted for the Columbia River Basin. A visual mark is needed so hatchery and wild/natural escapement and production can be monitored and runs managed separately. 3. Factors related to hatchery fish survival need to be studied. Hatchery spring chinook salmon were found to be the least successful species to supplement. We believe from our discussion with workers in the Basin that BKD is a major factor contributing to this poor success. Therefore, BKD research on spring chinook salmon should be a high priority. Recommended Research 1. Assessment of factors limiting wild/natural production by area and species in association with carrying capacity. 2. Impact of hatchery smolt releases on wild/natural smolt. production and migration. 3. Develop a hatchery rearing broodstock program for stock rebuilding that minimizes adverse genetic. impacts to wild/natural. stocks. Explore use of wild/natural stocks. Sperm cryopreservation and. other innovations could be used to direct hatchery production to a more compatible product. Using kelts for wild steelhead production could be investigated. 4. Need to determine natural production parameters for stocks to be supplemented. 5. Need to develop a means of identifying hatchery from wild/natural fish for salmon in Columbia River Basin. 6. Need to explore use of streamside upwelling incubation boxes or systems to match natural production timing. 41