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"! CONCLUSIONS Supplementation has provided positive results in the following: a) BC is having success with Chinook, coho, and steelhead by using only wild broodstock and scatter planting the hatchery produced fish through the supplemented area. b) BC also concluded that in some instances parr stocking of steelhead was more cost effective than either fry or smolts. c) Alaska and BC are having success using streamside incubation boxes with stream water diverted through boxes. Fry are scatter planted and spot planted from these stream incubator systems. However, when we consider the overall anadromous fish programs we reviewed, examples. of successes at rebuilding self-sustaining fish runs with hatchery fish are scarce. The successes we recorded in the unpublished literature were mainly in harvest augmentation, not rebuilding runs. In an earlier review of supplementation, Beck (1987) makes it clear that the supplementation strategies most often used are not necessarily related to success. Most supplementation projects we reviewed were poorly evaluated and documented,. especially projects that were failures. Many well meaning evaluations remain in file cabinets as raw data. Smith et al. (1985) certainly did a commendable literature review (published and gray). We concur with his conclusions and cannot shed much new light on supplementation. We turned over scores of gray literature stones without finding any significant new evidence that supplementation can consistently enhance natural populations. A few studies we reviewed demonstrated adverse impacts to wild/natural stocks from hatchery stocking. However, when hatchery fish were released into virgin areas; barren lakes, above falls or barriers, in new geographic areas, directly into estuaries or coves, they performed quite well. In these cases, managers usually were not attempting to build a self-perpetuating run, but merely producing adult fish for augmenting harvest. When managers attempt to introduce hatchery fish on top of an existing population to build or rebuild the run to "historic" levels of production or to "full seeding" levels of production, problems seem to develop. The hatchery fish do not perform as well as the wild/natural fish and adverse impacts to the wild/natural stocks have been indicated and demonstrated (Reisenbichler and- McIntyre 1977; Chilcote et al. 1986). Based on our review of the data and from recent interviews, we believe that hatchery production needs to be divided into two distinct categories. These would be: (1) hatchery production for "harvest augmentation," and (2) supplementation which is "natural production augmentation." We believe this separation does in fact now exist but that success has mainly been in number (1), production for harvest augmentation. 36