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Last modified
7/14/2009 5:02:35 PM
Creation date
5/17/2009 11:51:39 PM
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UCREFRP
UCREFRP Catalog Number
9411
Author
Williamson, J. H., D. C. Morizot and G. J. Carmichael.
Title
Biochemical Genetics of Endangered Colorado Pikeminoow from the Green, Yampa, Colorado, and San Juan Rivers.
USFW Year
1998.
USFW - Doc Type
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Copyright Material
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<br />6 <br /> <br />1 <br />1 <br />1 <br />t <br /> <br /> <br />1 <br />1 <br /> <br />1 <br />u <br />F1 <br /> <br />Li <br />Introduction <br />The Colorado pikeminnow Ptvchocheilus lucius is indigenous within the Colorado River basin of <br />the southwestern United States (Holden and Wick 1982). It is a large river cyprinid listed as endangered by <br />the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1967 (U. S. Office of the Federal Register, 32;43[1967]:40001). <br />Declines in fish numbers and range have been associated with habitat fragmentation and blocked passage, <br />water diversions, lost spawning and nursery habitat, dewatering, contaminants, and introductions of non- <br />native fishes (Minckley and Deacon 1991)(Figure 1.). More complete historical information on the <br />Colorado pikeminnow can be found in Vanicek and Kramer (1969), Holden and Wick (1982), U. S. Fish <br />and Wildlife Service (1987a), and Tyus (1991). <br />The Endangered Species Act (1973) recovery goals for Colorado pikeminnow, in general, call for <br />protection, maintenance, and establishment of self-sustaining populations throughout the historical range of <br />the Colorado River basin (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1990). However, population identification and <br />status determination is difficult because very little is known of the genetic structure and demographic <br />characteristics, particularly fish movement and behavior associated with reproduction (Tyus 1986). The <br />reason this study was conducted was to try and determine such genetic structure. <br />Biochemical genetic analyses of two wild populations provided some basic genetic information on <br />Colorado pikeminnow (Ammerman and Morizot 1989), but did not address suspected adult spawning <br />populations. Hardy-Weinburg disequilibrium at two loci in wild young-of-the-year populations, as found <br />by Ammerman and Morizot (1989), could indicate sampling multiple, mixed, populations rather than a <br />single panmictic population. However, Ammerman and Morizot (1989) examined only young-of-the-year <br />(YOY) fish from the wild populations; adult or spawning populations have not been directly examined. <br />Offspring of two captive Colorado pikeminnow populations, presently maintained at Dexter National Fish <br />Hatchery and Technology Center (Dexter NFH&TC) as broodfish populations, were also characterized for <br />44 presumptive genetic locus products (Ammerman and Morizot 1989). These data indicate that the <br />captive fish were representative of the two wild populations examined. Estimates of genetic identity among <br />the four populations examined were similar to those observed among populations of other cyprinid species <br />(Ammerman and Morizot 1989). Mean heterozygosity values for wild and captive Colorado pikeminnow <br />populations also were similar to other cyprinids, and were maintained throughout the geographical range <br />examined (Ammerman and Morizot 1989). <br />Plans to use production from the Dexter NFH&TC fish to augment tributaries of the Colorado <br />River are ongoing. Numerous re-introductions of Colorado pikeminnow have been made into the Colorado <br />River basin (Appendix 1; Table 1) and include, but are not limited to, the Green River tributary, White <br />River (Kenney Reservoir) in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Trammel et al. 1993) and the Colorado River <br />mainstem (Grand Valley) in the early- to mid- 1980s. All re-introductions that date were made with fish <br />derived from the Yampa River (Roger Hamman, Dexter NFH&TC, personal communication). Fish were <br />stocked into the San Juan River in 1996, 1997, and 1998. These fish were progeny of mixed Colorado <br />River and Green River broodfish (Roger Hamman, Dexter NFH&TC, personal communication). However, <br />prior to further stocking of fish into areas that may contain additional populations of Colorado <br />pikeminnow, characterization of wild populations is necessary to prevent any further, or potential, co- <br />mingling of populations. <br />Migration, spawning and recruitment are subjects of great interest and debate among management <br />biologists responsible for recovery efforts. Tyus (1986) suggested that Colorado pikeminnow tend to <br />migrate to natal spawning areas and that such behavior is characteristic of the species. If true, genetic <br />differentiation among populations associated with different spawning areas could be, and has been, <br />predicted (Tyus 1991). Such genetic differentiation among populations could impact recovery efforts <br />utilizing fish produced by captive propagation as well as maintenance of refuge populations and broodfish <br />development. <br />The purpose and objectives of the Colorado pikeminnow "genetics study" were outlined in a Scope <br />of Work entitled "Genetic Survey of Colorado Pikeminnow", 6/21/93 (FY93, #23). That proposed work <br />was to initiate and conduct a PCR-based assay or assessment of Mendelian polymorphisms from <br />
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