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Broadening Conservation Horizons (continued) great importance and is tied to development of the Americas. Degradation of the environment threatens not only migratory species, but the capacity of the nations of the hemisphere to develop their own economies and enhance social welfare. Proceedings from the Conference will be published and distributed widely to Conference participants and decision-makers in Western Hemisphere wildlife conservation. Jeff Flocken, International Affairs Specialist, Washington, DC Gray whale. Celebrating CITES"s Nth An Exclusive Interview with Deputy Director Marshall Jones Prior to becoming deputy director, Marshall Jones served as chief of the Service's CITES Management Authority. In recognition of the 30th anniversary of the negotiation of CITES in Washington, D. C., he shared his thoughts with Fish and Wildlife News. I was not with the Service for the treaty's negotiation in 1973. Russell Train, chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality, headed the U.S. delegation, and Buff Bohlen, then Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish, Wildlife and Parks, was the lead for Interior. I started with the Service in Endangered Species in April of 1975, and the treaty took effect that July. Rick Parsons, who had been in Law Enforcement, was chosen to serve as Chief of what became the Federal Wildlife Permits Office, the beginning of the U.S. CITES Management Authority. There was no U.S. Scientific Authority then, so people from other programs were drafted to work on the science in preparation for the first biennial Conference of the Parties (COPT), to take place in Switzerland in 1976. I was asked to develop our negotiating positions for proposals involving animals. I didn't actually expect to go to the COP. But as head of the delegation, Buff Bohlen realized scientific expertise would be needed at the meeting. So I was told, "Guess what? You're going to Switzerland." We had no doubt that CITES would stay around because we knew the issues weren't going away and the treaty was well designed. On the other hand we didn't have a clue how contentious things would get, how the world would change in 30 years, and how much CITES would grow in size and importance during those years. CITES evolved quickly, setting the international standard for wildlife trade. Countries that weren't Parties increasingly found it difficult to get documents approved unless they became members. At COP 1, I sat next to the delegation from Zaire. The United States came with stacks of reference material and position papers had prepared and vetted with the scientific community. These two young biologists from Zaire came with one document-an ancient, yellowed wildlife inventory written by some explorer from Belgium in 1890 that they had checked out of the national library. Using my rusty French and their rusty English, we talked through the pending issues every day, and I lent them copies of the United State's position papers (I hope the statute of limitations has run out on leaking documents). I had a sense then that if Zaire cared enough to be at a COP, a lot of other countries would too. Developing countries have an important stake in wildlife trade, but to be in the game they have to be CITES members. Trade bans-suspensions of trade with particular countries-have been CITES most significant innovation; though the country being targeted obviously doesn't often agree at the time. In the beginning, the developed countries dictated most of what happened. But a shift began at COP 4 in Gaborone, Botswana, in 1983. The African countries asserted themselves, particularly Zimbabwe and other Southern Africans (after all, it was on their home turf), who pushed against what they considered the imperialistic domination of the developed countries. The elephant ivory trade became the crux of the debate. This continued at COP 5 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, when Latin Americans expressed dismay at the attention given elephants at the expense of their issues. It's not an accident that an elephant forms the CITES logo, and CITES success or failure was being measured by how it dealt with the ivory trade and its effect on elephant populations. Monarch butterfly.