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Figure 7. Examples of native fishes caught in Grand Canyon. a , A. (left). Early 1900s. Two unidentified men with a canvas boat holding a large stringer of humpback chub, probably near the mouth of Bright Angel Creek (mile 87.5) (David Rust collection, courtesy of the National Park Service, Grand Canyon National Park). B. (right) November 1911. Emery Kolb holding a stringer of 14 humpback chub near the mouth of the Little Colorado River (mile 61.5) (Kolb photograph 954, courtesy of the Cline Library, Northern Arizona University). occasionally intensive efforts. In 1938, Johnson reports "thousands of fish" in Lake Mead where the water turned blue; these likely were catfish and/or carp. Nevills observed catfish jumping in the mouth of Havasu Creek (mile 157) in 1942. Goldwater observed catfish in Tapeats Creek, and speculated they spawned in the side canyons. In 1955, Reilly observed 3-in. fish he thought were catfish in Nankoweap Creek (mile 52.2-R). Carp were commonly observed in Shinumo Creek (mile 108.6-R) near its waterfall, and large individuals were caught in the river near its mouth. Rainbow trout were commonly caught in Tapeats Creek. Garth Marston remembered that they increased in size about 1 in./yr in the 1940s. Reilly notes that trout were caught and left by a river party at mile 38.5-L in 1959; these could have only come from the Colorado River. On two consecutive days in 1962, Reilly observed trout in Lava Canyon (mile 65.5-R); trout were never planted in Lava Canyon. Reilly also observed bluegill and crappie in the backwaters of Separation Canyon (mile 239.5-R) in 1955, and rainbow trout at Spencer Canyon (mile 246.0-L) in 1962. Cross Sr. remembers catching bluegill in tributaries of Glen Canyon in the 1950s. Most tributaries had water backed up into their mouths during high water. Reilly, who took many high-water trips, saw water backed up into Rider Canyon (mile 16.8-R), South Canyon (mile 31.6-R), Nankoweap Creek (mile 52.2-R), the Little Colorado River (mile 61), Shinumo Creek (mile 108.6-R), Kanab Creek (mile 143.5-R), and Havasu Creek (mile 157). Fish occasionally were observed in these pools. In the dry years of the 1950s, Reilly recorded the width and depth of perennial streams. Nankoweap Creek (mile 52.2-R) dried up a half mile from the river, stranding fish in the channel upstream; flow in Nankoweap Creek apparently decreased between 1949 and 1955, or the early period of the mid-century drought on the Colorado Plateau. CONCLUSIONS .. The strongest conclusion from the Old Timers Trip is that people who traveled the pre-dam river have vivid, and typically accurate, memories of the environment of Grand Canyon. Few early river runners observed or remembered all aspects of the environment; most noted or remembered specific details about certain changes, such as distribution of 30 OBSERVATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN GRAND CANYON