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Table 4. Year 1869 1872 1890 1923 . 1937 1938 1938 1940 1942-47 1947 1948 Pre-dam locations of tamarisk and native trees in Grand Canyon. Notes Few native trees are noted. The canyon is described as barren. Few native trees are noted. Several trees are noted and photographed. No tamarisk is visible (Webb, 1996). USGS expedition photographs show no tamarisk, nor do the diaries mention it. They photographed the Goodding willow at Granite Park and large cottonwoods at mile 196 and 222. Sharp notes large increase in native willow trees downstream from Lava Falls Rapid. Clover observed "some tamarisk coming in now on sandbars" in the vicinity of Saddle Canyon (mile 47). Otherwise, she specifically noted few tamarisk trees between Lees Ferry and Lake Mead. She notes "weedy baccharis" but no tamarisk at Spring Canyon (mile 204). Huge cottonwood trees were reported at President Harding Rapid (Cook, 1987) and the expedition slept under a "huge willow" at mile 194. Nevills observed the deltaic deposits at the head of Lake Mead were covered with tamarisk. Goldwater notes a large cottonwood tree was present at mile 220. Nevills observed invasion of tamarisk at the mouth of Spring Canyon. Nevills expedition finds shade under tamarisk trees at Kanab Creek in 1947. Nevills expedition finds shade under tamarisk trees at Whitmore Wash (mile 185); Doen notes that willow trees were also present. Marston notes that "willows decorate wide sandy beaches" near mile 190. Doerr and Nevills report that a large willow across from Pumpkin Spring (mile 213) was being gnawed by beavers. Masland rested under a large willow tree at Diamond Creek. Doen reports canyon mouths on Lake Mead supported dense stands of young tamarisks and willows. 1951 S. Reilly noted "beautiful green tamarisks" at Badger Rapid. The camp at Salt Water Wash had "many tamarisks" as well as the debris fan at President Harding Rapid. S. Reilly especially noted "the smell of tamarisks" in the vicinity of Tanner Rapid. 1950s P.T. Reilly notes tamarisk at Bridge (mile 237) and Spring Canyons. Tamarisk was noted at Beamer's Cabin up the Little Colorado. He does not note cottonwood or other native trees. 1955 P.T. Reilly notes the willows and tamarisk at Spring Canyon were damaged by a flash flood. 1955Beer photographs show widespread tamarisk. Early 1960s Litton observed that tamarisk on the Lake Mead delta was periodically destroyed by rises in the elevation of the lake; he photographed the barren delta. Early 1960s Frost remembers a cottonwood tree at the mouth of Kanab Creek. 1970 Martin (1971) notes huge increase in tamarisk. 1977 J.N. Staveley remembers seeing the cottonwood tree at mile 220. Graf) taken before Lois Jotter Cutter's 1938 photograph at Badger Rapid. Cutter spent considerable time at Lee's Ferry in 1938, amid extensive media coverage of her river trip. She remembered some willows where the boats landed, but not the extensive stands of tamarisk that now are present; her notes indicate that tamarisk was present (Clover and Jotter, 1944). Other diaries from Lee's Ferry residents discuss flowering tamarisk in 1936 (Reilly, 1999, p. 393) and it is reported as occurring in Glen Canyon upstream from Lee's Ferry between 1933 and 1938 (Woodbury and Russell, 1945). It is likely that tamarisk did not arrive at Lee's Ferry until the late 1920s or early 1930s, whereupon it became established on the higher terraces. Other places, such as the mouth of the Little Colorado River (miles 61-L), were devoid of tamarisk before Glen Canyon Dam. The first definite evidence of tamarisk here appears in mid-1950s photographs taken by members of Mexican Hat Expeditions trips, as well as Les Jones. Rigg and Nichols, who were on those trips, stated they did not initially recognize the mouth of the Little Colorado River when they arrived in 1994, in part because of the dense stand of tamarisk and willows, the eroded sand bars, and the low stage of the Colorado River. Tamarisk was rare enough in the pre-dam era that its presence along the unregulated river was recorded in diaries (Table 4). In 1938, tamarisk was sparse. By the 1950s, tamarisk was present at places where it had not been seen in 1938 (for example, Spring Canyon, mile 204.3-R). Tributary floods played a role in limiting its spread; the willows and tamarisk that had invaded the mouth of Spring Canyon were SPECIFIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN GRAND CANYON 19