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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PREFACE This document is the report for Study #18-11 of the Five Year Flaming Gorge Research Program - FY'94. which is part of the Recovery Implementation Program for En angered Fish Species in the Upper Colorado River Basin. The report synthesizes winter inv stigations from the upper basin with literature on winter conditions for native fishes, and ide tifies additional research for developing flow recommendations for Flaming Gorge Dam. An anotated bibliography of literature on winter investigations in rivers is presented as a plement to this report. There is little information on winter ice processes in large rivers regulated by hy ropower dams. Some investigators have modeled projected effects of proposed projects, bu none have validated conditions before and after construction. Other investigators have us d models to predict ice processes resulting from existing facilities. Many relationships ass ciated with physical ice processes and fluctuating flows have been described ma hematically, and can be applied to the Green River. Few investigations have related ice processes to biological effects, particularly in re lated rivers. Reactions by primary producers, macroinvertebrates, and fish in small str aIDS have been described, but there is little information from medium to large rivers. Th paucity of information is especially note able for native fishes, particularly endangered sp This report merely scratches the surface of the complex and intricate subject of ice cesses in rivers. The subject is particularly interesting in its application to a regulated river-the Green River--and merits particular attention because of the presence of endangered fishes. This document (Literature Synthesis) should be considered the first of