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Chapter 1- Purpose of and Need for Action
<br />Sidebar 1-1: Factors Cited as Reasons for Listing and
<br />Critical Habitat Designation for the Four Target Species
<br />Whooping Crane Northern Great Plains Piping Plover
<br />Listed as an Endangered Species Listed as a Threatened Species
<br />? Reduction in quality or size of the Platte River channel and ? Modificarion, curtailment, and destruction of the piping
<br />adjacent wetlands and riparian habitat, especially water plover habitat (i.e., development of coastal beaches,
<br />levels, between Leacington and eastern Buffalo County channelization of rivers, encroachment of woody
<br />could be expected to have an adverse effect on the ' vegetation, drainage/alteration of wetlands) have led to its
<br />surviving population of the species. decline.
<br />? Insufficient food (such as crayfish; frogs, small fish, insects, ? Decline in population nwnbers,, including those in
<br />etc,); water, and other nutrients to meet physiological Nebraska, based on Gulf of Mexico wintering ground and
<br />needs. " other independent caunts.
<br />?? Inadequate amounts and.quality qf roosting areas during ? Eliinination of nesting sandbaz habitat along hundreds of
<br />- migration,,rearing, and winteririg. " miles of rivers due to dams and river channelization.
<br />?Inadequate areas of open expanse required b.y whooping ?? Trampling of nests by cattle and an increase in the numbers
<br />cranes for nightly roosting on §and or gravel bars in rivers ` of predators; which may contribute to the decrease in '.
<br />: and lakes. piping plover populations.
<br />?? Huinan disturbances. - - ? Increased use ofnesting areas by humans, which can
<br /> disrupt incubation or interfere with fledging success by .
<br />?(Critical habitat designated in? 19.78 [.43 Federal Register .'.' - separating chicks from paients: '
<br />20938 May. 15, 1.978].)
<br />- ??. SO Federal Register 50726, December..? 11, 1985. -
<br />-32 Federal Register (FR), Mazch l l, 1967; 40 FR 58309, :',
<br />. ... .
<br />. : .- .
<br />Decem6er 16, 1975. -
<br />Inter.ior Least Ter.n. - Pallid Sturgeon ' .
<br />-.`T.isfed as an-Endangered Species _ Listed as an Endangered Species ..
<br />, , .
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<br />?? Peimanent•inundation or. destruction of many nesting
<br />' ?? . A sharp decline in pallid sturgeori has been observed over
<br />,
<br />islands ut riuers by reservoirs and channelization projects.:
<br />.,: .. .. its range.
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<br />? AlYeration?of natural river dynamics has caused unfavora6le ? Construction of dams and related activities, particularly
<br />vegetational.successiorron`many remaining islands, -
<br />extensive in the 1950s and 1960s, changed.water •
<br />` curtailirig nesting sites. temperatures, flow patterns, and othei factors thathave .
<br />' °. contributed to deciining pallid sturgeon observations.
<br />? Recreational use of sandbars has been a major threat to the •
<br />reproducrive success of the_ interior least terri. Lack of natural reproduction, for reasons that are yet
<br /> unclear and under fiuther study.
<br />? Delay of anriual, spring floods of the watershed past the
<br />onset of noimal breeding, and many islands are not ? Decline of the species, which appears to correspond with .
<br />exposed as suitable sites in time for nesting. expanded commercial harvest; some States do riot have
<br /> regulations in place to prohibit keeping pallid sturgeons
<br />? 50 Federal Register 21784, May 28, 1985 once.caught.
<br /> ? Declining pallid sturgeon observarions occurred in part
<br /> ,
<br />because of hybridization with a close species, the
<br /> shovelnose sturgeon, in parts of its range.
<br /> -55 Fedcral Rcgistcr 36641; September 6, 1990
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