WMOD00547 - Laserfiche WebLink

Home Browse Search

1474 s '" "'0 "5 ., >. ..c:: o ,~ "'0 ., > ... ., '" .ro o E o .::: "'0 ., > ';:: ., "'0 '" .g '" ';:: ~ U '" ... '" ..c:: U c .B ;3 '5. 'u ., ... 0.. ., bl) "'. ... ., > '" '- o '" ., "5. E '" >< ~ N III ...l OIl 0( .... JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLUME 20 '" -"= ... '" E ., " ...... N ~ * ~I ::;--Jt 'C 0.. - - - ~ ~ o:~ ~ ~s. S- ~ e ~~~~~~~~",-",,,,,,, ~......-.:...I-.:...~~I ~~~~~ 13~l!~' I l!EZEEE -~ll)~O--~ea~CdCd-; lj lj lj lj lj lj lj lj 0) '~ 0) 0) 0) kkkkkkkkE~EEE 1S:;1S:;1S:;1S:;1S:;1S:;1S:;1S:;];:E]]] ., 0.. '" ..c:: IZl * ~ ~: 0 ~~~ ~ ~; .s. ~ a .90.9-.9- ">." >.8 >.>.~'R8~~~ ;::i~;::i~o~~;::i~o;::i;; '" tnO_V)OOOV)V)t-oor- r-~r-tr'I"'I:t\O\COONOO\~'V ci.....:-=d""':ddor-i-=dd""': o ~ '" ('\I trlC"'\l \CV)\f) v)-o r-o 0\ 'V N__N_NNN__NN_ cicicicicicicicicicicicici ",:::, e E <~ ~ 0 g 0 0'1") 0\ 0 0\ 'D'" 0"'" "" !;; \cf"')('I") OOOI.()OMOOI NOO_V)NNO\ON~NN N_\CMOOM_V1N_'V\c_ ., 0.. o e ... .8 '" ... ., "'0 c -5 ..c::..c:: c .....'" .g ~ ~ e ~ "'..c:: ~ ... .g V_..c::..c.,g~ 1:: f/)~v~v:~~ v.l 0 e~~fJ'.lN.,"=,-= a ~ e ~] ~ ~ ,s ~ g 8.. r.I:l ~ '-' ..... fJ:I 0 ::: ~.c > c= 8 .c .s': c..c 0 '-"; S ~ . ""' 'Vi 00 U ~ v.l.~ e 1-1 u o"'E"'E~~=Y~~fJ:IBe..2 '"0 .... ... 11) 0 Q.).- CI:l rJ:I "'"' ~ c"'"'....OCU_fJ'.lt>~::>.Ou 11) .8 .s '"0'- b.9- e 0 ~ tI} ~ f/} :g fJ'.l fJ:I g ~ bo~ ;' ~ .. ~ ~ ~ 05::~~:I:~;:E~8<;:EVi;:E E ... o Vi ...... 0\ 'D 0\ c .g '" u, o ...J c ::;-~ __ 'B r- r- - ~ ~~---- ~ u . .~~ . ~8............ ~~~~ ::;-~ ~'"O~~r::-~~oo-- 'D 0......- CO\O\'D >.>.,,"~ O\u- .. ~__O'\ 0 UL...L.....tlJ -,-,"'Dt:" . .--8:0"" , .. ,0\= t::t::c.: otlJUJl-4 "'1Zl- O~;:I;:I'- 0;:E;:Ep.., g;jt~~88~~~'-'"'-'":t ~~S-N'.:'~;;'.:'~:~';' O~U~~u.lf/)fJ'.l~~~;; g. -5 6' ~ 2'0'0'0:2] ~ ~ c ; 5~'~'c.5.S.S ~ o.~.~ 0 \I.lzo<<===li:li:~~~ ;.:, ... '2 ;:I .8 <Ii '" c ;:I ... ~ g~ E.~ ~ .~ ~ lS .5 ~ ~ _..c.o-l o"'u 'bl)'" os:::::c.8 , II '6"'0 ...... ;:I ., ).( CIJ.:: ~"'''' ...."'., ., >."'0 ..c::.ro", "'"'0 '" ... ., ~ c.8.5 Cl:I "'O,S"3 .,.roE ~ 0 .... "32c.8 ~UQ) ",~..c:: u......... ~~] ~~~ .!SII~ ;:1......- E ~ ., ~~~ .8 '" ., . ",...- ., ., ., .....c:: ... '" ~ ., t) ~ ~ >.- c ~e~ .~ ~ ~ c; c.8 ~ ';J E- ~8's g~ ~ 0.."'0 ..c:: >< ., 0 Q).::.~ 5t>~ ":~i: '" '" ., ., ., '" .......ro <<0 * * * * * * curate and more variable as GPR decreases. Ga- briel's comparison of the results from the two sampling methods illustrates this effect. The differ- ences between the results are very large for very large values of GPR, systematically decrease as GPR de- creases to a value of one, and change sign as GPR decreases further. 5. Comparison with observations A search of the hydrometeorologicalliterature was made to obtain information on observed isohyetal patterns with which to relate the theoretical patterns to the "real-world" domain. The results of this study (Section 3) showed that storm precipitation gradient, area, and shape were of primary interest. The re- ported data were of two types: 1) area-depth rela- tionships from which the required information could be mathematically derived, and 2) isohyetal maps from which the required information could be graph- ically derived. The primary sources of data on area- depth precipitation relationships were Court (1961) who provided a summary of work by half a dozen investigators in the United States and Europe, Huff (1968a) who summarized 11 years of hydrometeo- rological research on heavy storm rainfalls in Illinois, Huff (1967) who discussed rainfall gradients in Il- linois warm-season storms, and Fogel and Duckstein (1969) who considered convective rainfall in Ari- zona. Selected isohyetal maps from METROMEX4 and HIPLEXs were planimetered to obtain the'sec- ond type of data. Precipitation characteristics of Florida showers and thunderstorms reported by Woodley et al. (1971, 1975) were also used. Table 2 summarizes the relevant storm precipitation char- acteristics derived from both types of data. It can be seen from Table 2 that the data span a wide range of physical locations and storm types, sizes, and durations. This range of observed raincell characteristics appear to be adequately represented by the model raincells we have studied. All values of G are between 0.4 and 2.25 (Aso between 0.29 and 0.1). Thus, observed precipitation gradients range from approximately linear to those that increase to- ward the precipitation maximum. Observed shapes tend to be elliptical with average values of E ranging from 1 to 3. Court (1961) concluded that area-depth formulas he examined indicated that short-duration storms tend to have steeper precipitation gradients than those of longer duration and larger area. Huff (1968a) indicated that a uniform precipitation gra- 4 S, A, Changnon and R. G. Semonin, Eds. 1975, Studies of Selected Precipitation Cases from METROMEX, ISWS RI-81/ 75, Rep. ofInvestigation 81,I11inois State Water Survey, Urbana, 5 Middleton, J, R., 1978: Radar observed characteristics of sum- mertime echoes in eastern Montana, Preprints 18th Con! on Ra- dar Meteorology, Atlanta, Georgia, Amer, Meteor, Soc., 159-164,