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<br />Garcia, P., S. E. Offutt, and M. Pinar, 1986: Technological advance, weather, and the potential economic
<br />benefits of weather modification. Preprints, 10th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather
<br />Modification, Arlington, V A, May 27-30, 1986. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA,
<br />285-289.
<br />
<br />No abstract.
<br />
<br />Garcia, P., S. E. Offutt, and M. Pinar, 1985: Methodological considerations for assessing the potential benefits
<br />of weather modification in Illinois agriculture. Preprints, 17th Conference on Agricultural and Forest
<br />Meteorology and 7th Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology, Scottsdale, AZ, May 21-24,
<br />1985. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, Vol. 1, 169-172.
<br />
<br />No abstract.
<br />
<br />Grant, L. 0., and R. M. Rauber, 1988: Radar observations of wintertime mountain clouds over Colorado and
<br />Utah. Journal of Weather Modification, 20:37-43.
<br />
<br />Ludlam (1955) postulated that seedable clouds for initiating snowfall are the extensive, shallow
<br />orographic clouds. He referred to these as "extensive low clouds." He specifically excluded clouds that
<br />contain persistent vertical motions not associated with localities where the airstream flows over
<br />mountains. The orographic, randomized Climax, Colorado, cloud seeding experiment conducted during
<br />the 1960s followed the seeding hypothesis for orographic clouds as proposed by Ludlam. This paper
<br />presents the results of recent radar observations of the characteristics of differing types of clouds that
<br />form over the mountains of Colorado and Utah.
<br />
<br />Cloud radar echo observations show that deep, stable and deep, convective cloud systems in the interior
<br />areas of the western United States during winter generally extend to elevations higher than the 50 Kpa
<br />pressure level where temperatures during winter are sufficiently cold to permit efficient ice nucleation
<br />processes to occur. Shallow, orographically forced clouds, on the other hand, almost always occur in
<br />their entirety at elevations below the 50 Kpa level where wintertime temperatures are variable with
<br />respect to temperatures at which natural ice nucleation can be either efficient or inefficient.
<br />
<br />Grant, L. 0., and R. M. Rauber, 1986: Weather modification related characteristics of Colorado and Utah
<br />orographic clouds. Preprints, 10th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification,
<br />Arlington, V A, May 27-30, 1986. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 254-259.
<br />
<br />No abstract.
<br />
<br />Grant, L. 0., and R. M. Rauber, 1984: Hypothesis evaluation and development for seeding continental
<br />wintertime mountain cloud systems. Extended Abstracts, 9th Conference on Weather Modification,
<br />Park City, UT, May 21-23, 1984. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 33-34.
<br />
<br />No abstract.
<br />
<br />Griffith, D. A., G. W. Wilkerson, and W. J. Hauze, 1992: Sulfur hexafluoride tracer results from a winter
<br />orographic research program. Poster session. Preprints, Symposium on Planned and Inadvertent
<br />Weather Modification, Atlanta, GA, January 5-10, 1992. American Meteorological Society, Boston,
<br />MA,I66.
<br />
<br />"
<br />
<br />No abstract.
<br />
<br />38
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