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<br />Czys, R R, 1989: Physical models used in the Precipitation Augmentation for Crops Experiment. <br />Proceedings, 5th WMO Scientific Conference on We2lther Modification and Applied Cloud Physics, <br />Beijing, China, May 8-12, 1989. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, WMO Report No. 12, <br />WMOffD-No. 269,221-224. <br /> <br />No abstract. <br /> <br />Czys, R R., 1989: The visualization of cloud droplet spectra. Journal of Atnwspheric and Oceanic Technology, <br />6:182-185. <br /> <br />This paper draws attention to the use of readily available wire cage graphics for inspecting cloud droplet <br />spectra measured using a Forward Light-Scattering Spectrometer Probe. The high resolution cloud <br />droplet spectra from two different clouds are presented to illustrate the clarity with which microphysical <br />processes can be visualized. <br /> <br />Czys, R R., 1988: A new mechanism for ice initiation on wann-based Midwestern cumuli. Preprints, <br />10th International Cloud Physics Conference, IAMAPlIUGG, Bad Homberg, ERG., August 15-20, <br />1988. Annalen der Meteorologie, No. 25, ISBN 3-88148-240-7, 1:25-27. <br /> <br />No abstract. <br /> <br />Czys, R. R., 1988: Ice initiation by collision-freezing in warrlli-based cumuli. Journal of Applied Meteorology, <br />28:1098-1104. <br /> <br />The mechanical shock of collision between supercooled water drops is explored as a mechanism for the <br />origin of ice in the warm-based cumuli of the central United States. The results of laboratory <br />experiments, using groups of 3-mm diameter hemispherical drops supported on a petroleum substrate <br />and cooled to either _100 or -150C, are presented to dc~monstrate that supercooled drops can be caused to <br />freeze mechanically. Cavitation is examined as a mechanism closely associated with ice nucleation in <br />supercooled water. Pressure differences extrapolated from the Weber number for collisions between <br />precipitation-size collector drops and a wide size range of smaller drops were found to exceed the <br />criteria for cavitation and hence, freezing. This findifllg suggests that collision-freezing may occur in <br />clouds and is worthy of further attention. <br /> <br />Czys, R. R., 1988: Microphysical characteristics of warm-bastxl cumuli: Observations at -lOoC. Preprints, <br />10th International Cloud Physics Conference, IAMAPlIUGG, Bad Homberg, ERG., August 15-20, <br />1988. Annalen der Meteorologie, No. 25, ISBN 3-88148-240-7, 1:64-66. <br /> <br />No abstract. <br /> <br />Czys, R R, and H. T. Ochs III, 1988: The influence of charge on the coalescence of water drops in free fall. <br />Journal of the Atnwspheric Sciences, 45:3161-3168. <br /> <br />The influence of charge on coalescence was detennil1{~d in the laboratory for isolated pairs of 340 and <br />190 J.Im water drops falling freely at tenninal velocity. A microcomputer-controlled apparatus was used <br />to produce collisions. Drop charges were independently controlled and collisions occurred in a <br />humidified chamber at laboratory temperature and pressure. Two cameras were used to record the <br />interactions from orthogonal directions and the photographs used to detennine the impact angle for each <br />collision. A single charge-independent critical impact angle of 430 :t 1 0 was observed that distinguished <br />an inner collision cross section for coalescence from an outer annular cross section for noncoalescence. <br />Collisions occuning for impact angles less than the critical value always resulted in coalescence <br /> <br />27 <br />