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Last modified
7/28/2009 2:40:17 PM
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4/23/2008 1:58:21 PM
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Weather Modification
Title
The NOAA Federal/State Cooperative Program in Atmospheric Modification Research - Collected Publication Titles and Abstracts
Date
4/1/1993
Weather Modification - Doc Type
Report
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<br />Anantharaj, V. G., 1990: An exploratory study of the summertime observations by a dual-wavelength microwave <br />radiometer at Dickinson, North Dakota in 1987. M.S. Ithesis, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences. <br />South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD, 116 pp. <br /> <br />No abstract. <br /> <br />Blackmore, W. H., III, 1992: A summary of weather modificatiion activities reported in the United States during <br />1990. Journal of Weather Modification, 24:130-131. <br /> <br />No abstract. <br /> <br />Boatman, J. F., and R. F. Reinking, 1984: Synoptic and mesoscale circulations and precipitation mechanisms in <br />shallow upslope stonns over the western high plains. Monthly Weather Review, 112:1725-1744. <br /> <br />It is generally believed that synoptically driven stonns, with lifting induced or enhanced by upslope flow <br />over the high plains, produce most of the winter precipitation in eastern Colorado. Two extremely <br />different circulations, the fully developed extratropical cyclone and the shallow arctic anticyclone, bound <br />the range of upslope circulations. Two cases involving shallow upslope circulations were studied in <br />detail for this work. <br /> <br />Aircraft, standard synoptic scale, and selected mesoscale data were available for the case studies. The <br />synoptic and (in one c~e) mesoscale circulations, characteristics of the consequent upslope and <br />overlying midlevel stratifonn clouds, and the microphysical processes that generated the precipitation <br />from these events were examined. Dynamically and microphysically, these cases were among the <br />simplest of the varied upslope stonn systems. The arctic air masses were about 100 mb in thickness. <br />The troposphere in and above the arctic air was potentially stable in both cases. The upslope clouds <br />resulted from topography-induced upward air motions associated with easterly flow. The easterly flow <br />was caused by horizontal pressure gradients within the anticyclones. In one case, mesoscale analyses <br />revealed that the local topography retarded and diverted the approaching arctic air until it became deep <br />enough to flood the entire area. <br /> <br />The observed upslope cloud layers fonned within the cold air mass. The limited available moisture was <br />derived from local sources and the arctic air itself. Water contents were generally -0.1 g m-3 or less in <br />all cloud layers. Some aircraft icing confinned the presence of the liquid, and water saturation prevailed <br />in the clouds. Heterogeneous nucleation (primary ice generation) was the most likely source for ice <br />particles in both cases. Ice multiplication could be neither confinned nor denied. Once nucleated, <br />ice crystals grew predominantly by vapor deposition. to produce some crystals with diameters as large <br />as 2 mm. However, aggregational growth was observed in the stonn with the warmest cloud <br />temperatures, and accretional growth was possible in the stonn with the greatest water contents. Natural <br />seeding of the upslope clouds by ice particles falling from the midlevel clouds occurred in both cases. <br />Survival of the crystals in descent between the cloud la.yers was strongly regulated by the atmospheric <br />ice saturation ratio. Crystal growth in the clear air occWTed in one case, whereas substantial sublimation <br />occurred in the other. <br /> <br />Hoe, B. A., 1992: Hail suppression in North Dakota. Preprints, Symposium on Planned and Inadvertent <br />Weather Modification, Atlanta, GA, January 5-10, 1992. American Meteorological Society, Boston, <br />MA, 58-62. <br /> <br />No abstract. <br /> <br />13 <br />
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