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<br />SEPTEMBER 1996 <br /> <br />REYNOLDS <br /> <br />1437 <br /> <br />~ 0.9 <br /> <br /> <br />.. <br />.~ <br />~ <br />10.7 <br /> <br />.. <br />< <br />;;0.4 <br /> <br />-1 <br />g <br /> <br />c. <br />L2 <br />l- <br /> <br />e, <br />> <br /><( <br />-3 <br /> <br /> <br />-;;'0.15 <br />E <br />"- <br />~0.10 <br />u <br />3: <br />--' 0.05 <br />en <br />~ 0.00 <br /> <br /> <br />400 <br />en <br />c <br />~ 300 <br /> <br />'0 <br /> <br />~ 200 <br />" <br />o <br />:I: <br />100 <br />1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 <br />Year <br /> <br />~ 0.9 <br /> <br /> <br />.. <br />~ <br />iO.7 <br /> <br />.. <br />< <br />;; 0.4 <br /> <br />......... -2 <br />~ <br /> <br />E-:5 <br />.. <br />l- <br />. -,,~ <br />en <br />> <br /><( <br /> <br />-s <br /> <br />-;;'0.06 <br />E <br />"- <br />~ <br /> <br /> <br />~ 0.04 <br />--' <br /> <br />en <br />~ 0.02 <br /> <br />700 <br />g> 600 <br />~ 500 <br />'0400 <br />~ 300 <br />" <br />0200 <br />z <br />100 <br />1!l86 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 <br />Year <br /> <br /> <br />FIG. 3. (a) Water year (1 October-30 September) averages derived from the Red Hill mountaintop icing station. From top to bottom: ratio <br />of icing hours to hours with precipitation, average temperature per storm when icing occurred, average storm liquid water content, and <br />number of hours of icing per water year. (b) Same as (a) but for Mount Hough. <br /> <br />of an icing rate meter (Fig. 1). A special project ra- <br />winsonde was launched from Johnsville, California <br />(Fig. 1), at about a 1500- m elevation along the lee <br />slope of the Sierra. Soundings were taken routinely at <br />6-h intervals during storms and more frequently during <br />intensive study periods. <br /> <br />2. Rawinsonde observations of monntain lee waves <br /> <br />Mountain lee waves downwind of the Sierra have <br />been studied extensively (Holmboe and Kleiforth <br /> <br />TABLE 1. Syringe sampler locations. <br /> <br /> Latitude Longitude <br />Site Site name ("N) ("W) <br />1 Two Rivers 39.8236 120.6600 <br />2 Blairsden 39.7803 120.6161 <br />3 Gold Lake Hwy. 89 39.7544 120.5983 <br />4 Johnsville Rd. 39.7714 120.6758 <br />5 Lee Summit 39.8783 120.7597 <br />6 Mohawk Vista 39.7706 120.5922 <br />7 Bonta Ridge 39.8000 120.6456 <br />8 Jackson Creek 39.8486 120.6625 <br /> <br />~_ _, I <br /> <br />1957). These studies have concentrated on lee waves <br />forming in the absence of major storm systems. How- <br />ever, lee waves can exist during major precipitation <br />events since the air mass in winter is relatively stable <br />(Bruin~jes et al. 1994). Earlier tracer studies during <br /> <br />8 <br />......~... <br /> <br />r=-f <br />" ....... <br /> <br />,,' .;. <br /> <br />................;;> <br /> <br />! 6 <br />:E <br />.. <br />! 4 <br /> <br /> <br />FIG. 4. Schematic illustration of mountain waves forming over and <br />to the lee of the project area. Typical path of the ascending rawin- <br />sonde balloon through the lee wave is shown. <br />