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<br />MARCH 1987 <br /> <br />MARK HEGGLI, ROBERT M. RAUBER AND 1. B. SNIDER <br /> <br />213 <br /> <br />r <br />~ <br /> <br />tegrated vapor are probably within 15% of the true in- <br />tegrated vapor. The radiometer comparison indicates <br />that the data are reproducible and the radiometric sys- <br />tem possesses a high degree of stability. Definitive <br />studies are still required to evaluate the liquid channel. <br />These studies are continuing in both SCPP and CaSE. <br /> <br />Acknowledgments. The Colorado Orographic Seed- <br />ing Experiment research was supported by National <br />Science Foundation Grant A TM-8407543. The authors <br />wish to express their thanks to the many who collected <br />data and provided comments. Electronic Techniques, <br />Inc. provided the SCPP rawinsonde measurements. <br />The contributions of Mr. Dean Newkirk, Mr. Dave <br />Reynolds, Dr. Arnett Dennis, and Professor Lewis O. <br />Grant are gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks to <br />I Bernice Culver for typing the manuscript and Marion <br />Haurwitz for developing programs used for this com- <br />parison. <br /> <br />REFERENCES <br /> <br />Guiraud, F. 0., J. Howard and D. C. Hogg, 1979: A dual.channel <br />microwave radiometer for measurement of precipitable water <br />vapor and liquid. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron., GEI7, 129- <br />136. <br />Heggli, M. F., 1985: The role of microwave radiometry in weather <br />modification research. Fourth WMO Scientific Con! on Wea. <br />Mod.. Honolulu, HI, WMO, 157-162. <br />-, and D. Reynolds, 1985: Radiometric observations of super. <br />cooled liquid water within a split front over the Sierra Nevada. <br />J. Climate Appl. Meteor.. 24, 1258-1261. <br />Hogg, D. c., F. O. Guiraud, J. B. Snider, M. T. Decker and E. R. <br /> <br />~, <br /> <br /> <br />Westwater, 1983: A steerable dual-channel microwave radi- <br />ometer for measurement of water vapor and liquid in the tro- <br />posphere. J. Appl. Meteor.. 22, 789-806. <br />Holroyd, E. W., and A. B. Super, 1984: Winter spatial and temporal <br />variations in supercooled liquid water over the Grand Mesa, <br />Colorado. Ninth Con! on Wea. Mod., Park City, UT, Amer. <br />Meteor. Soc., 59-60. <br />Long, A. 8., and P. A. Walsh, 1984: Radiometric detection and mea. <br />surement of liquid water in winter orographic clouds. Ninth <br />Con[ on Wea. Mod., Park City, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 55- <br />56. <br />Nordahl, 1. S., 1982: Response to problems in reported NWS ra. <br />winsonde relative humidity data arise again. Bull. Amer. Meteor. <br />Soc., 63, 12. P 1394. <br />Rauber, R. M., D. Feng, 1. O. Grant and J. B. Snider, 1986: The <br />characteristics and distribution of cloud water over the moun- <br />tains of northern Colorado during wintertime storms. Part I: <br />Temporal variations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25,468-488. <br />Richner, H., and P. D. Phillips, 1981: Reproducibility ofVIZ radio- <br />sonde data and some sources of error. J. Appl. Meteor.. 20,954- <br />962. <br />Sassen, K., R. M. Rauber and J. B. Snider, 1986: Multiple remote <br />sensor observations of supercooled liquid water in a winter storm <br />at Beaver, Utah. J. Climate Appl. Meteor.. 25, 825-834. <br />Shaffer, R. W., 1982: Problems in reported NWS rawinsonde relative <br />humidity data arise again. Bull. A mer. Meteor. Soc., 63, 12. <br />p1394. <br />Westwater, E. R., 1972: Microwave emission from clouds. NOAA <br />Tech. Rep., ERL-219-WPL-18, NOAA Environmental Research <br />Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80303. <br />-, 1978: The accuracy of water vapor and cloud liquid determi. <br />nation by dual.frequency ground-based microwave radiometry. <br />Radio Sci.. 13, 677-685. <br />-, and F. O. Guiraud, 1980: Ground-based microwave radiometric <br />retrieval of precipitable water vapor in the presence of clouds <br />with high liquid content. Radio Sci.. 15,947-957. <br />