|
<br />1064
<br />
<br />MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW
<br />
<br />VOLUME 108
<br />
<br />or forecast lifting rates may improve the evalua-
<br />tion of weather-modification experiments by pro-
<br />ducing more homogeneous samples.
<br />5) These results imply that seeding techniques
<br />which enhance the lifting in a region may result
<br />in substantial increases in convective cloud de-
<br />velopment.
<br />
<br />Caution should be used in interpreting absolute
<br />values from the modeling results presented here~
<br />Although trends and implications of these trends
<br />from this simple model are considered valid, much
<br />more sophisticated three-dimensional models, such
<br />as those of Cotton and Tripolli (1978) or Clark
<br />(1979), are required to explicitly simulate detailed
<br />mesoscale-convective dynamics.
<br />
<br />Acknowledgments. Many thanks go to Drs. Carl
<br />Kreitzberg and Don Perkey, who developed the
<br />original MESOCU model as part of their three-
<br />dimensional mesoscale modeling effort under spon-
<br />sorship of the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory,
<br />National Science Foundation and National Aero-
<br />nautics and Space Administration. We sincerely ap-
<br />preciate their permitting our use of the model and
<br />their stimulating conversations regarding its applica-
<br />tion. Thanks also goto Mr. ClementJ. Todd and Drs.
<br />, William Cotton and Thomas Vonder Haar whose in-
<br />terest in cloud-environment interaction and meso-
<br />scale triggering has spurred much of this research.
<br />Messrs. Fran Politte and Douglas Hale developed
<br />the Environmental Data Network software which
<br />made all HIPLEX and NWS rawinsondes readily
<br />accessible for model experiments. Discussions with
<br />Dr. Steven Cohen, the HIPLEX field meteorologist
<br />at Goodland, Kansas, aided in interpretation of
<br />model results from this site. Sincere appreciation
<br />is given to Mr. Richard Eddy for careful review of
<br />this paper and many helpful suggestions. Thanks
<br />also go to Ms. Cheryl DeGrafffor typing this manu-
<br />script. We appreciate the careful review and sug-
<br />gestions by the revi~wers.
<br />
<br />REFERENCES
<br />
<br />Caracena, F., R. Maddox, L. R, Hoxit and C, F. Chappell,
<br />1979: Mesoanalysis ofthe Big Thompson Storm. Man, Wea.
<br />Rev., 107, 1-17.
<br />Carlson, T, N" and F. H, L.udlam, 1968: Conditions for the
<br />occurrence of severe local stroms. Tel/us. 22, 203-276,
<br />Chappell, C. F., and D. Smith, 1975: Generation of available
<br />buoyant energy by cloud glaciation. Pure Appl. Geophys.,
<br />113, 825-236.
<br />Clark, Terry L., 1979: Numerical simulations with a three-
<br />
<br />dimensional cloud model: Lateral boundary condition ex-
<br />periments and multicellular severe storm simulations. J,
<br />Atmos, Sci., 11,2192-2215,
<br />Cotton, W, R., and G, T. Tripoli, 1978: Cumulus convection in
<br />shear flow- Three-dimensional numerical model experi-
<br />ments, J. Atmos. Sci, 10, 1503-1521.
<br />Endlich, R, M., and R, L. Mancusco, 1968: Objective analysis
<br />of environmental conditions associated with severe thunder-
<br />storms and tornados. Man, Wea, Rev, 96, 342-350,
<br />Fritsch, J, M., and C. F, Chappell, 1980: Numerical prediction
<br />of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems. Part I:
<br />Convective parameterization, J, Atmos. Sci" 37, (in press),
<br />-, - and L. R. Hoxit, 1976: The use of large-scale budgets
<br />for convective parameterization, Mon. Wea. Rev" 104,
<br />1408-1418.
<br />Fujita, T" 1963, Analytica] mesometeorology: A Review,
<br />Meteor, Monogr" No, 27, Amer. Meteor. Soc" 77-125,
<br />Gossard, E, E., and J. Richter, 1970: The shape of interval
<br />waves of finite amplitude from high resolution radar sound-
<br />ings of the lower atmosphere, J, Atmos, Sci" 27,971-973,
<br />Ha]tiner, G. J" and F. R. Martin, ]957: Dynamic and Physical
<br />Meteorology, McGraw-Hili, 63-70,
<br />House, D. C., 1963: Forecasting tornadoes and thunderstorms,
<br />Meteor. Monogr" No, 27, Amer, Meteor. Soc" 141-167.
<br />Hess, S, L., 1959: Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology, Ho]t,
<br />Rinehart, and Winston, 100-106. _
<br />Kreitzberg, C, W., and D, J, Perkey, 1976: Release of potential
<br />instability: Part I, A sequential plume model within a hydro-
<br />static primitive equation model. J, Atmos, Sci" 33, 456-
<br />457,
<br />Maddox, R, A" L. R. Hoxit, C, F, Chappell and F. Caracena,
<br />1978: Comparison of meteorological aspects of the Big
<br />Thompson and Rapid City flash floods. Man, Wea, Rev" 106,
<br />375-389,
<br />Magor, B, W., 1958: A meso-low associated with a severe
<br />storm, Man, Wea. Rev" 86,81-90.
<br />Matthews, D. A;, and J, Henz, 1975: Verification of numerical
<br />mode] simulations of cumu]us-environmental interaction in
<br />the High Plains, Pure Appl. Geophys., 113,803-823.
<br />Nie, H, H" C, H. Hull,.J. G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner and D.
<br />Bent, 1975: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 2d
<br />ed, McGraw-Hili, 249-275.
<br />Orlanski, I., 1975: A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric
<br />processes, Bul/, Amer. Meteor, Soc., 56,527-530.
<br />Pie]ke, R. A., 1974: A three-dimensional numerical model of the
<br />seabreezes over South F]orida, Mon. Wea. Rev,. 102,
<br />115-139,
<br />Simpson, J" and V, Wiggert, 1971: 1968 Florida cumulus seeding
<br />experiment: Numerical -mode] results. Man, Wea, Rev"
<br />99, 87-1l8. l
<br />-, and W, Woodley, 1975: Florida area culp.u]us experiments,
<br />1970-1973 rainfall results, J. Appl, Meteor, 14,734-744.
<br />Uccellini, L., and D, R. Johnson, 1979: The coupling of upper and
<br />lower tropospheric jet streaks and implications for the de-
<br />ve]opment of severe convective storms, Man, Wea. Rev"
<br />107,682-703. .
<br />U1anski, S. L. and M. Garstang, 1978: The role of divergence and
<br />vorticity in the life cycle of convective rainfall. Part I:
<br />Observation and analysis, J. Atmos, Sci, 35, 1047-1062.
<br />Williams, D, T., 1948: A surface micro-study of squall line
<br />thunderstorms. Man, Wea. Rev., 76,239-246.
<br />
|