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Last modified
7/28/2009 2:38:55 PM
Creation date
4/16/2008 11:11:42 AM
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Template:
Weather Modification
Title
Wintertime Cloud Systems Over the Rockies: Three Case Studies
Date
12/1/1980
Weather Modification - Doc Type
Report
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<br />3 <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />1.2 Literature Review <br /> <br />Various vertical velocity components combine constructively and <br /> <br />destructively to determine specific orographic cloud systems. Ultimate- <br /> <br />ly, the shape and track of the migratory wave has the major control <br /> <br />over the cloud system that forms. <br /> <br />Synoptic scale vertical velocity components, ~ 0.01 m/sec, are <br /> <br />determined by differential vorticity advection and airmass lifting by <br /> <br />frontal systems. An existing orographic cloud can be invigorated by <br /> <br />the synoptic vertical velocity ahead of the upper atmospheric disturb- <br /> <br />ance or suppressed by subsidence behind the disturbance (Chappell, 1970; <br /> <br />Rhea, 1972; Grant, et a1., 1974; Rhea, 1978). <br /> <br />Orographic vertical velocity components, ~ 0.3 m/sec, (stable air- <br /> <br />flow forced vertically by the topography) are the dominant components <br /> <br />in that they provide a more persistent vertical velocity motion field <br /> <br />in time. They are dependent upon airflow direction and speed, moisture <br /> <br />and mountain barrier shape and orientation (Schaffer, 1950; Scorer, <br /> <br />1954; Myers, 1962; Rhea, 1972; Reid, 1976; Walsh, 1977; Rhea, 1978). <br /> <br />Synoptic scale disturbances provide the moisture and forced airflow <br /> <br />that induces the pure orographic cloud (Myers, 1962; Rhea, 1967; <br /> <br /> <br />Grant, et a1., 1968; Rhea, et a1., 1969; Chappell, 1970; Grant, et al., <br /> <br />1974; Cooper and Saunders, 1976; P100ster and Vardiman, 1976; Vardiman <br /> <br />et al., 1976). The orographic cloud component of the cloud system may <br /> <br /> <br />fluctuate slowly in time or may remain relatively constant over a long <br /> <br />period of time as long as the airflow and thermodynamic parameters do <br /> <br />not change significantly. <br /> <br />As a cloud system's stability decreases, the dynamics of the oro- <br /> <br />graphic airflow are changed. In the period before convection sets in, <br /> <br />~ . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />:;; <br /> <br />.~ <br />
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