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Last modified
7/28/2009 2:38:46 PM
Creation date
4/16/2008 11:10:48 AM
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Weather Modification
Title
Validation of Precipitation Management by Seeding Winter Orographic Clouds in the Colorado River Basin
Date
9/1/1993
Weather Modification - Doc Type
Report
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<br />1,000 ft higher than used during daytime. This additional altitude is needed to increase the <br />safety margin in case heavy icing or mechanical problems necessitate a forced landing. As a <br />consequence, nighttime sampling often would be above the seeding plume, so useful <br />information would be limited. Nighttime in-cloud aircraft sampling is not recommended during <br />the CREST. <br /> <br />Even without the aircraft, reasonably complete direct detection experiments can be conducted <br />during periods of darkness. As will be discussed, several direct and remote sensing systems will <br />be operated to compare precipitation within and crosswind of the seeded zone. When available, <br />the aircraft will document the location of the seeded zone's upper portion and associated <br />microphysical effects. Although such information is needed for a large fraction of the direct <br />detection experiments, it is not mandatory for all ofthem. <br /> <br />4.3 Differences Between Experimental Areas <br /> <br />In most significant respects, the two study areas are similar for purposes of experimentation. <br />Each barrier rises over a kilometer above its upwind valley, is over 20 km wide, and has a <br />maximum elevation of about 3.4 lan. Accordingly, the experimental design will be written for a <br />single area, and the discussion in this section and in section 5 will apply to both the Grand <br />Mesa and the Wasatch Plateau. Similar experimental designs will provide replication of <br />results, an approach commonly used to test the plausibility of experimental findings. <br /> <br />The application of the design will differ somewhat between the barriers, because of the <br />operational differences to be noted. Future field operations plans will deal with these <br />dissimilarities. <br /> <br />The two mountain barriers have a number of differences, the most obvious being their <br />orientation. The Wasatch Plateau is a north-south oriented barrier. The crestline of the Grand <br />Mesa lies approximately east-west. However, on both barriers the terrain influences the <br />low-level flow which tends to turn perpendicular to the barrier crest (upslope). Significant SLW <br />production has been observed over both barriers with large-scale flow between south-southwest <br />and northwest. The difference in crestline orientation is not expected to significantly affect <br />cloud responses to seeding. <br /> <br />Three other significant differences exist between the experimental areas. First, the Wasatch <br />Plateau has an excellent all-weather highway system, which will permit on-top, cross-plume <br />sampling of AgI, tracer gas, and ice crystals by an instrumented four-wheel drive vehicle. <br />Highways do not cross over the eastern portion of the Grand Mesa but do reach well up its <br />slopes. Oversnow travel is required to reach and traverse the Mesa top, and such travel is <br />practical as the terrain is not rugged. An instrumented oversnow vehicle will be used for <br />cross-plume sampling on the Mesa. However, large oversnow vehicles are slow, and surface <br />vehicle sampling clearly will playa larger role on the Plateau because of its highway system. <br /> <br />Second, a WSR-88D advanced Doppler weather radar is scheduled to be installed on top the <br />Mesa in September 1995, near its northwest end. This radar will be part of the NEXRAD (Next <br />Generation Weather Radar) network now being established nationwide for the National <br />Weather Service and other agencies. Transmission of WSR-88D measurements by radio for <br />real-time use in the CREST operations center and recording for later analysis should be <br />possible, which would eliminate the need for the program to operate a sophisticate~ <br /> <br />20 <br /> <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I. <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />
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