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- 16 - The dream of weather modifiers is to have better physical (or empi~ical) models to predict rain in terms of amounts and duration. Then the statistical eval~ation could be replaced in part by a physical assessment, and the possibilities for weather modification experiments of reasonable duration for "proof of effect" in drier climates would be enhanced. PEP is viewed as one of the stepping stones to such a more direct cause-and-effect physical evaluation. " Weather modification is much more to Meteorology than most scientists may think. It will lead to a better understanding of clouds and cloud systems. This should result in an improvement of the presently dismal forecasts of precipitation, its amoun~ and duration. The lack of correlations between meteorological parameters like temperature or radiation and cloud cover and precipitation is crucial to an understanding of climate and climate changes and will also be improved by basic studies as involved in PEP. Last but not least the experimentation with cloud systems - which will lead to a quicker unders~anding - will give us also better indications as to the allowable overloading of the atmosp,here with gases and particulate matter, and increase our ability to counteract not only worsening trends but also disasters of nuclear or chemical origins. It is with this distant future in mind that the forthcoming Third WHO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification in Clermont-Ferrand in 1980 in France will spend sub- stantial time on aspects of precipitation efficiency of clouds and cloud systems. Its understanding is vital for Cloud Physics and Weather Modification, and for M~teorology as a whole. Acknowledgements. Many parts of this review have been taken directly from a:variety of WMO documents. Nevertheless, the reader is reminded that those documents have been written by many enthusiastic and committed scientists from allover the world. Specially mentioned should be the members of the EC Panel on Weather Modification and its closest advisers, ~rs. A.L. Alusa, 1.1. Burtsev, R.M. Cunningham, A. Gagin, P. Goldsmith, L. Ktastanov (deceased), R.L. Lavoie, Yu.S. Sedunov and J. Warner) and the Scientific Planning Group (Drs. E. Bollay and P.W. Summers) from within the Directorate headed by Dr. ~.S. Zaitsev. It is also recognized that without the leadership and help from Dr. R.D. Bojkov, WHO Secretariat, PEP would never have developed into an active operation. The continuous guidance and encouragement from Dr. D.A. Davies, Secretary General of WMO, is also greatly appreciated. The author would also like to express his personal appreciation of :all the help he received from Dr. W.L. Godson and the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada. As workshop director I would like to express my great appreciation and sincere thanks to the Spanish authorities and the administrators and scientists of t~e Spanish Weather Service who are making not only PEP possible and exciting, but also this workshop. Thanks are also expressed to the lecturers who kindly agreed to contribute s9 generously, and to the participants for their hopefully active involvement. References Changnon, S.A. (1975). The paradox of planned weather modification. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 56, pp. 27-37. List, R. (1975). Education and training in weather modification. Proveedings of the WMO/ IAMAP Symposium on Education and Training in Meteorology and Meteorological Aspects of Environmental Problems, Caracas, Feb., WHO-No. 432, pp. 201-212. Petterssen, S. (1958). Introduction to Meteorology. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York. Warner, J. (1974). Rain enhancement - a review. Proceedings of the WMO/IAMAP Scientific Conference on Weather Modification, Tashkent, 1-7 October, pp. 43-50. '='